TERF: differenze tra le versioni

Versione attuale delle 00:21, 22 nov 2020

A typical tweet containing "terf"

The word TERF (or terf; pl terfs or terves) is a slur that is used predominantly by transgender activists and their allies against people who criticize the transgender movement on the basis of feminist concerns. Since the slur is used for people with feminist concerns, the main target tend to be women. As such, it's usually understood to be an anti-feminist, sexist and misogynist slur.

The word was invented as an acronym for Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist, where the "trans-exclusionary" part referred to those holding roughly the position that transwomen should not be included under a feminist definition of womanhood, and the "radical feminist" part was meant neutrally, i.e. for people who would indeed describe themselves as radical feminists in the true sense.

Over time, the acronym pretty much became a four-letter word. Nowadays the capitalization is frequently omitted, and the already ambiguous original meaning ignored entirely. Still, users of the term tend to claim that it's a neutral description. The "trans-exclusionary" part may now refer to anyone who thinks transwomen should not have unfettered access to all female-only spaces (e.g. changing rooms), should not partake in women's sports where they have unfair advantages, should not be considered a natural part of the lesbian dating pool, etc. Although most members of the public would see these as rather sensible positions, considering a "transwoman" may have intact male anatomy, transgender activists nevertheless see all of these types of "exclusion" as unacceptable.

A closely associated term is SWERF, which is supposed to stand for Sex-Worker-Exclusionary Radical Feminist and is used for those who see the sex industry (prostitution, pornography, etc.) as highly exploitative and sexist. Like TERF, the term is almost always applied as a slur, and to misrepresent the political position of the person it's used against. Ironically, some of those who have to face the term most commonly are women who worked in prostitution and became anti-prostitution activists as a result of their own experiences as so-called sex workers.

Origin

The oldest known use of the term is by Viv Smythe aka "tigtog" in a blog post from 2008.^[1] She defended the term as late as 2018, in an article for The Guardian.^[2] Transgender activists frequently try to defend the term on the grounds that Viv Smythe is a woman who herself claims to be a radical feminist, and seems to have first used the term in a way that is not derogatory. Of course, the benign origins of a term does not mean that it cannot evolve into a slur.

Evolution towards hate speech

Totally not a slur!

The evolution of the term from 2008 into the early to mid 2010s is not well documented. Mostly, feminists had to face the term on social media, where it began to be used regularly to debase their position. In July 2014, Feminist Current published two articles referencing the term. The first, written by C. K. Egbert and titled Defending the 'TERF': Gender as political, explains and defends in length the political theory underlining the ideas supported by feminists who are slurred as "terf."^[3] The second, written by Sarah Ditum and titled How 'TERF' works, shortly analyses a situation in which a woman is pressured to retract a statement opposing violence against women, on the grounds that the statement originally stems from a feminist who is considered a "terf".^[4] Since Feminist Current is highly acclaimed among radical-leaning feminists, its decision to support the women slurred with "terf" could be seen as a turning point.

In August 2014, Vice published an article titled I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll (subtitle: At least according to the 'Block Bot' I am) by author Martin Robbins.^[5] In the article, Robbins talks about how the "Block Bot" project on Twitter, which is supposed to help people avoid abusive trolls, has included feminist authors and journalists such as Caroline Criado-Perez and Helen Lewis among the people who should be blocked. Ironically, Lewis seems to have made it to the list for complaining about abusive trolls, as the "evidence" for the reason to ban her includes objections to tweets such as "kill TERFS", "burn TERFS", or hateful jokes such as "what's better than 1 dead terf? 2 dead terfs."

Another Feminist Current article defending those targeted with the slur was published in November 2015, written by Penny White and titled Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’.^[6] In the article, White explains how she herself used to be convinced that so-called "TERFs" are worthy of contempt, but changed her mind after starting to look closer into the issue. This experience seems to resonate with many women and some socially liberal men to this day, who start out being supportive of the transgender movement, only to start becoming skeptical after negative experiences and observations, ultimately leading them to be also labeled "terf" and shunned by transgender activists and their allies. After that, Feminist Current started publishing articles critical of the transgender movement with some frequency, much to the enragement of transgender activists.

In June 2017, transgender activist Mya Byrne came to the San Francisco Pride Parade with a t-shirt reading "I PUNCH TERFS", decorated with a large fake blood-stain. Byrne uploaded a selfie of him wearing the t-shirt at the parade, captioned "This is what gay liberation looks like #pride #yesallterfs" which sparked many negative reactions.^[7] The t-shirt would later be displayed at an "art exhibit" at the San Francisco Public Library, set up by the trans activist group The Degenderettes. After complaints, the library removed the t-shirt from the exhibition, though similar items showcasing a violent mentality remained, such as baseball bats wrapped in barbed wire and painted in the colors of the transgender pride flag.^[7]

Dominique McLean's tweet glorifying violence against women.

In April 2019, professional video gamer Dominique McLean aka "SonicFox" uploaded a video on Twitter, captioned "what I do to terfs," in which a male video game character strikes a female character's neck so hard that her skin comes off, while the camera shows her agony-filled face. McLean can be heard yelling "terf!" into his microphone with each blow dealt to the female character, reminiscent of a lynching.^[8] The tweet garnered hundreds of thousands of views, and many thousands of retweets and likes.

McLean's tweet is made even worse by the fact that the hatred is not just directed at an imagined "terf" character, but at the voice actress behind the character, Ronda Rousey. Rousey, who is an MMA (mixed martial arts) fighter, is deemed a "TERF" for having stated, with blunt wording, that it's unfair for male MMA fighter Fallon Fox to compete against women.^[9]^[10]^[11] A year after Rousey's remarks, female MMA fighter Tamikka Brents had suffered a concussion and an orbital bone fracture during a fight with Fallon Fox,^[12] but this does not seem to have changed the opinion of trans activists.

After McLean's tweet was reported for hate speech, Twitter initially decided that it did not break their rules. Only after continued protest and many more reports did Twitter react, by removing the tweet and issuing SonicFox a mere 24-hour ban.

In late 2019, a social media trend dubbed "POV you're a TERF in my mentions" started, in which trans activists would pose with a weapon (baseball bat, sword, machete, or the like), sometimes preparing to strike or showing them mid-strike, taken as a point-of-view (POV) shot and captioned with the phrase "POV you're a TERF in my mentions" or variations thereof.^[13] The pictures are supposed to represent the point-of-view (POV) of a "TERF" being assaulted by the depicted person. In other words, women called "TERF" who look at the pictures are supposed to imagine themselves being violently assaulted.

In May 2020, a blog post was published on Medium.com equating so-called TERFs with Nazis in a credible-sounding tone and explaining how various methods such as infiltration, censorship, property damage, and physical violence should be used against them.^[14] The account posting the article was suspended from Medium.com on the same day and the content re-uploaded on WordPress soon after.^[15]

Real-life vandalism, harassment, and assaults

In February 2017, the newly opened Vancouver Women's Library was met with a small group of vandals, including a very obviously male person who claimed to be a female sex worker. They ripped off a poster, poured wine on a book, and harassed those trying to partake in the opening celebration. Their stated reason was that the library included books which they deemed to support so-called "TERF" and "SWERF" ideology.^[16]

The assault by Tara Wolf on Maria MacLachlan (September 13th, 2017)

In September 2017, a group of feminists wanted to hold a meeting to discuss proposed changes to the Gender Recognition Act (GRA) in the New Cross Learning community Library in London. The library had to cancel the event after harassment by transgender activists. The organizers of the meeting decided to meet at Speakers' Corner, before going to the newly chosen meeting place, which was not announced to protect it from harassment. In Speakers' Corner, they were met with a group of transgender activists shouting slogans, notably "when TERFs attack, we fight back." Maria MacLachlan, who was filming the protesters with her digital camera, was attacked by someone running out of the trans activist group, who then tried to grab her camera. As the unsuccessful attacker ran back behind his friends, MacLachlan tried to get closer to the group to get his face on camera. Several of the activists started assaulting her in that moment. One of the attackers, later revealed to be Tara Wolf, was ultimately charged with assault by beating. Prior to the event, he had posted that he wants to "f*ck up some terfs" on social media. The event could be considered a cornerstone in the escalating hatred transgender activists show against feminists, as no such clearly documented assault in relation to the slur "TERF" existed before, and the event gained widespread attention in the news, being covered by The Guardian,^[17] The New Statesman,^[18]^[19] The Telegraph,^[20] The Times,^[21]^[22] The Evening Standard,^[23] and The Daily Mail.^[24] Of course, it was also covered by Feminist Current.^[25]^[26] In the aftermath of the event, many transgender activists online defended or even celebrated the assault, leading Meghan Murphy to publish the piece 'TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech. Some publications in support of transgender activists have tried to claim that the assailant was really acting in self-defense, and tried to prove this claim by uploading carefully edited cuts of the recording showing the assault,^[27] or by framing the assault as "standing up to bullies" who "provoke" transgender activists (by having opinions they don't like, we have to presume).^[28]

In December 2018, human rights lawyer Prof. Rosa Freedman found her office door covered in urine after attending debates surrounding proposed changes to the UK's Gender Recognition Act. She also reported being called a "Nazi" (she is Jewish) who "should be raped" (she is a survivor of sexual violence) and receiving abusive anonymous phone calls.^[29]

In 2018, transgender activist Dana Rivers was on trial for triple murder.^[30] The victims were a lesbian couple and their adoptive son. Rivers stabbed and shot the victims, before trying to set their house on fire, in November 2016. It remains unclear whether Rivers was motivated by the hatred against feminists and lesbians promulgated by transgender activists. Rivers was, however, a member of the group Camp Trans, which was created to protest the women-only rule of the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (aka MichFest).^[31] Autostraddle described Rivers as a "very well-known transgender activist."^[32]

In June 2019, Julie Bindel was physically attacked by a trans-identifying male person after holding a keynote speech about male violence against women at the Edinburgh University, together with Prof. Rosa Freedman.^[33] "He was shouting and ranting and raving, 'you're a f***** c***, you're a f****** bitch, a f****** Terf" and the rest of it. We were trying to walk to the cab to take us to the airport, and then he just lunged at me and almost punched me in the face, but a security guard pulled him away." The male person, who calls himself "Cathy Brennan" (after famous lesbian and radical feminist lawyer, whom he despises) had previously stood out on social media for encouraging physical violence against feminists at Gay Pride events.

In August 16, 2019, the Facebook account of Vancouver Rape Relief and Women's Shelter reported that a dead rat had been nailed to their door frame.^[34] On August 26, their Twitter account followed up by reporting their door and windows were vandalized with phrases such as "FUCK TERFS" and "KILL TERFS" as well as "TRANS POWER".^[35] The repeated harassment and vandalism garnered attention in local and national news.^[36]^[37]^[38]

Analysis of the term

Some of the hyperbolic lies transgender activists use to justify hatred against feminists

The original acronym could be split in two halves: "trans-exclusionary" and "radical feminist." Though many people targeted with the word do not see themselves as radical feminists, their ideals most often tend to align with radical feminism anyway, making that part somewhat accurate. The "trans-exclusionary" part however is rather ambiguous, and its meaning seems to change at the whim of the person using the term.

When those using the term want to justify it as an objective and accurate description, they will use rather mundane and basic definitions of "exclusion" that applies easily to most people the term is used against. Examples of this might include:

Wanting transwomen with unfair anatomic advantages to be excluded from women's sports
Wanting transwomen with an obvious male anatomy (such as intact male genitals) to be excluded from sex segregated spaces of privacy, such as changing rooms
Not considering transwomen to be literally women, by pointing at the dictionary definition that is "adult human female"
Wanting to exclude transwomen from some political groups that want to focus on struggles unique to people born with female anatomy
Wanting to exclude crimes committed by transwomen from being recorded as female criminality, especially since the crime patterns of transwomen seem more in line with crime patterns of men,^[39] who commit the vast majority of violent crimes, specifically sexual violence^[40]

However, once the term "TERF" is applied to someone on the basis of them holding these opinions (which many people including non-feminists would agree are sensible), the definition of "exclusion" is quickly sharpened to justify expressions of hatred. Sometimes, the "trans-exclusionary" is even hyperbolically turned into "trans-exterminatory" to increase its panic-inducing effect. The website (or should we say whacksite) The TERFs goes as far as claiming that the people labeled "TERF" want to:

Exclude trans people from housing (make them homeless)
Exclude trans people from employment (make them unemployed)
Exclude them from education (keep them uneducated)
Exclude them from accommodation equality
Exclude them from local, state, national and United Nations protections(!)

As such, the women labeled "TERF" are represented less as women who simply want to uphold women's sex-based rights, and more like fascist monsters. This is then used to incite hatred and violence against them. It's also noteworthy how exclusion of transwomen (from female-only spaces etc.) turns here into supposed exclusion of all trans people (from whatever). In fact, women targeted as "TERFs" will frequently say explicitly that they welcome transmen in their groups, since transmen also face the sex-based oppression all women face from birth.

The strategy of transgender activists of using simple definitions of "TERF" to make the term look accurate, but then twist the definition to justify hatred, is quite similar to a "troll" strategy that has been noted by philosopher Nicholas Shackel, and dubbed the Motte and Bailey Doctrine in a paper titled The Vacuity of Postmodernist Methodology:

An illustration of the "motte and bailey" style of fallacious argumentation.

"Troll’s Truisms are used to insinuate an exciting falsehood, which is a desired doctrine, yet permit retreat to the trivial truth when pressed by an opponent. In so doing they exhibit a property which makes them the simplest possible case of what I shall call a Motte and Bailey Doctrine (since a doctrine can be a single belief or an entire body of beliefs).
A Motte and Bailey castle is a medieval system of defence in which a stone tower on a mound (the Motte) is surrounded by an area of land (the Bailey) which in turn is encompassed by some sort of a barrier such as a ditch. Being dark and dank, the Motte is not a habitation of choice. The only reason for its existence is the desirability of the Bailey, which the combination of the Motte and ditch makes relatively easy to retain despite attack by marauders. When only lightly pressed, the ditch makes small numbers of attackers easy to defeat as they struggle across it: when heavily pressed the ditch is not defensible and so neither is the Bailey. Rather one retreats to the insalubrious but defensible, perhaps impregnable, Motte. Eventually the marauders give up, when one is well placed to reoccupy desirable land.
For my purposes the desirable but only lightly defensible territory of the Motte and Bailey castle, that is to say, the Bailey, represents a philosophical doctrine or position with similar properties: desirable to its proponent but only lightly defensible. The Motte is the defensible but undesired position to which one retreats when hard pressed. I think it is evident that Troll’s Truisms have the Motte and Bailey property, since the exciting falsehoods constitute the desired but indefensible region within the ditch whilst the trivial truth constitutes the defensible but dank Motte to which one may retreat when pressed."

In our case, the Motte is an easily defensible statement like: "You don't consider transwomen literally women, therefore you are trans-exclusionary, which makes you a TERF." Whereas the Bailey is: "You want to exclude trans people from housing and employment, therefore I'm justified in hating you with a passion!"

It could also be called a "bait-and-switch" argument, where one is "baited" into agreeing with the claim that someone is a "TERF" by using a mundane definition of "trans exclusion," and then the definition is switched into something bad, to justify expressions of hatred.

Inspection of the claims on The TERFs

Actual logo of TheTERFs.com: Evil black scribbles

It should be noted that The TERFs offers little more than out-of-context quotes from several decades ago as "evidence" for its hyperbolic claims regarding so-called "TERF" ideology. It also showcases a small number of cherry-picked tweets, half of which are from right-wing sources that also happen to oppose the transgender movement, which trans activists claim proves that feminists are secretly allied with them in a big conspiracy. (This line of thinking is often ridiculed as: "Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore vegetarians are Nazis.")

Regarding supposed evidence of "real-life violence motivated by TERF ideology," the website lists six examples, of which three don't actually present any violence. Those which do, relate to incidences from several decades ago, in which women tried to evict transwomen from female-only groups or spaces, using physical force or face-to-face threats. Since women are expected to be always nice and passive towards males, even when trying to form radical feminist groups and keep males out of them, this is of course seen as unacceptable. Two examples are about verbal threats, which is a run-of-the-mill experience for feminists opposing transgender activists, and the last one is about the deaths of trans people that are assumed to be related to lack of access to health care, which to be very blunt has fuck-all to do with feminist ideologies.

To summarize: there is not a single documented instance of a feminist group going up to a transgender group to assault or threaten them. Any claims of "violence by TERFs" refer either to women trying to evict transwomen from female-only spaces, extremely rare verbal threats, and lots and lots of fabrication. In comparison, transgender activists have gone to women's libraries to vandalize them,^[16] went to feminist meetings to assault women,^[25]^[26] appeared with face masks at feminist conferences to intimidate women,^[41] and the ubiquitous verbal abuse they send in the direction of women fills up a whole website set up solely to archive it.

'SWERF'

The word SWERF is a close relative to TERF and is applied in a similarly dishonest, misrepresenting way. Women (and men who care about women's rights) who are critical of the sex industry for its exploitative nature are accused of being "sex-worker exclusionary" in an attempt to make them seem hateful towards an oppressed group.

In fact, the people slurred as "SWERF" tend to be supporters of the Nordic Model against prostitution, which sees a high-quality welfare system as a necessary component in tackling prostitution, and in alleviating problems faced by women who would otherwise choose to do prostitution out of economic desperation. Further, many of those slurred "SWERF" tend to be women who worked in prostitution themselves.

Notably, one of the biggest anti-prostitution and anti-pornography feminists Andrea Dworkin was an ex-prostitute herself, and not ashamed of admitting so. Another notable example is Rachel Moran, who was in prostitution between the ages of 15 and 22, only to become one of the most notable anti-prostitution, pro-Nordic Model activists in recent years.

Gallery

Discussion of McLean's hate tweet
McLean defending his tweet on the grounds that Ronda Rousey is a "TERF" and as such deserving of the violent contempt
A copycat tweet showing another video game character dying brutally, with the caption "FUCK TERFS"
Another copycat tweet. The GIF is of Mortal Kombat 11 character Scorpion burning his opponent alive.

Harassment and vandalism of Vancouver Rape Relief
A dead rat nailed to the door frame of VRR
The text "KILL TERFS ... TRANS POWER" written on the window
The phrases "FUCK TERFS" and "TRANS WOMEN ARE WOMEN" written on the door and window

Some examples of tweets using 'terf'
"terf isn't a slur ... terfs don't deserve rights"
"All terfs will be arrested on sight"
"It's Pride punch a terf"
Putting "terf" right aside "nazi"
Arthur Chu supporting SonicFox's hate speech
"Being a TERF is a choice. Like being a Nazi."

External links

References

↑ Viv Smythe (aka tigtog) (August 17, 2008). Carnivalia, transgenderism and the gender binary. Hoyden About Town.
↑ Viv Smythe (aka tigtog) (November 28, 2018). I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. Here's how it happened. The Guardian.
↑ C.K. Egbert (July 16, 2014). Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political. Feminist Current.
↑ Sarah Ditum (July 29, 2014). How ‘TERF’ works. Feminist Current.
↑ Martin Robbins (August 8, 2014). I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll. Vice.
↑ Penny White (November 10, 2015). Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’. Feminist Current.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 Meghan Murphy (May 1, 2018). Trans activism is excusing & advocating violence against women, and it’s time to speak up. Feminist Current.
↑ Helen Lewis (May 1, 2019). Welcome to the age of ironic bigotry, where old hatreds are cloaked in woke new language. The New Statesman.
↑ Jordy McElroy (May 25, 2013). Ronda Rousey vs. Fallon Fox Head-to-Toe Breakdown. Bleacher Report.
↑ Teresa Jusino (August 3, 2015). When Role Models Become Problematic: Ronda Rousey and Transmisogyny. The Mary Sue.
↑ Celebrity TERF Ronda Rousey to play Sonya Blade in Mortal Kombat 11. reddit.
↑ After Being TKO’d by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’. Cage Potato.
↑ Rebecca (October 6, 2019). “This is what I want to do to you” – Dissecting the ‘POV ur a TERF in my mentions’ trend.. radfemrebecca.wordpress.com.
↑ Laura Izaguirre (May 26, 2020). Resisting TERF's and Transforming Their Organizations (Archived from Medium.com). Medium.com.
↑ Laura Izaguirre (May 28, 2020). Resisting TERF's and Transforming Their Organizations (Archived from WordPress.com). WordPress.
↑ ^16,0 ^16,1 Meghan Murphy (February 7, 2017). Vancouver Women’s Library opens amid anti-feminist backlash. Feminist Current.
↑ Press Association (October 26, 2017). Suspects sought after brawl between transgender activists and radical feminists. The Guardian.
↑ Helen Lewis (April 20, 2018). The madness of our gender debate, where feminists defend slapping a 60-year-old woman. NewStatesman.
↑ Anoosh Chakelian (September 14, 2017). Trans rights, TERFs, and a bruised 60-year-old: what happened at Speakers’ Corner?. NewStatesman.
↑ Victoria Ward (April 12, 2018). Radical feminist warned to refer to transgender defendant as a 'she' during assault case. The Telegraph.
↑ Lucy Bannerman (April 12, 2018). Transgender activist Tara Wolf denies thumping radical feminist. The Times.
↑ Lucy Bannerman (April 14, 2018). Trans attacker is a thug, says feminist. The Times.
↑ Martin Coulter (April 13, 2018). Transgender activist Tara Wolf fined £150 for assaulting 'exclusionary' radical feminist in Hyde Park. EveningStandard.
↑ Bridie Pearson-jones (April 13, 2018). Transgender model who punched feminist and smashed her £120 camera in violent brawl at Hyde Park Speakers' Corner protest walks free from court. MailOnline.
↑ ^25,0 ^25,1 Meghan Murphy (September 15, 2017). Historic Speaker’s Corner becomes site of anti-feminist silencing and violence. Feminist Current.
↑ ^26,0 ^26,1 Jen Izaakson (April 27, 2018). Trans-identified male, Tara Wolf, convicted of assault after Hyde Park attack. Feminist Current.
↑ Kelli Busey (September 18, 2017). Trans Activists Vilified For Defense against TERF Attack at Hyde Park. Planet Transgender.
↑ Sam Hope (September 29, 2017). Trial by media over Speakers’ Corner fracas. The Queerness.
↑ Rosa Freedman: Professor's door 'covered in urine' after gender law debate. BBC News. December 5, 2018.
↑ Transgender Activist Ordered To Stand Trial For Oakland Triple Murder. CBS SF BayArea. March 7, 2018.
↑ 'MICHIGAN EIGHT' EVICTED OVER FESTIVAL'S NEW 'DON'T ASK DON'T TELL' GENDER POLICY. August 12, 2000.
↑ Riese (November 16, 2016). Oakland Lesbian Couple and Their Son Murdered By Former LGBT Activist. Autostraddle.
↑ Gina Davidson (June 6, 2019). Feminist speaker Julie Bindel 'attacked by transgender person' at Edinburgh University after talk. The Scotsman.
↑ Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter - Facebook. Facebook. August 16, 2019.
↑ VancouverRapeRelief on Twitter. Twitter. August 26, 2019.
↑ Jessica Kerr (August 28, 2019). Vancouver Rape Relief centre targeted with vandalism, threats over transgender controversy. Vancouver is Awesome.
↑ Madeleine Kearns (August 28, 2019). Women-Only Rape-Relief Shelter Defunded, Then Vandalized. National Review.
↑ Jonathan Szekeres and Lauren Boothby (Aug 27, 2019). Vancouver Rape Relief centre vandalized, likely over restrictions for transgender people. City News.
↑ Study suggests that transwomen exhibit a male pattern of criminality. Fair Play For Women. September 8, 2018.
↑ Sex differences in crime. Wikipedia. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
↑ Magdalen Berns (April 22, 2018). Masked transactivists surround woman on stairwell. Twitter.

[terf-origin-1] Viv Smythe (aka tigtog) (August 17, 2008). Carnivalia, transgenderism and the gender binary. Hoyden About Town.

[guardian-smythe-2] Viv Smythe (aka tigtog) (November 28, 2018). I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. Here's how it happened. The Guardian.

[fc-egbert-3] C.K. Egbert (July 16, 2014). Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political. Feminist Current.

[fc-ditum-4] Sarah Ditum (July 29, 2014). How ‘TERF’ works. Feminist Current.

[vice-robbins-5] Martin Robbins (August 8, 2014). I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll. Vice.

[fc-white-6] Penny White (November 10, 2015). Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’. Feminist Current.

[fc-tra-violence-7] 7,0 ^7,1 Meghan Murphy (May 1, 2018). Trans activism is excusing & advocating violence against women, and it’s time to speak up. Feminist Current.

[sonicfox-8] Helen Lewis (May 1, 2019). Welcome to the age of ironic bigotry, where old hatreds are cloaked in woke new language. The New Statesman.

[rousey-fox-9] Jordy McElroy (May 25, 2013). Ronda Rousey vs. Fallon Fox Head-to-Toe Breakdown. Bleacher Report.

[rousey-marysue-10] Teresa Jusino (August 3, 2015). When Role Models Become Problematic: Ronda Rousey and Transmisogyny. The Mary Sue.

[rousey-reddit-11] Celebrity TERF Ronda Rousey to play Sonya Blade in Mortal Kombat 11. reddit.

[fallon-fox-12] After Being TKO’d by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’. Cage Potato.

[pov-terf-13] Rebecca (October 6, 2019). “This is what I want to do to you” – Dissecting the ‘POV ur a TERF in my mentions’ trend.. radfemrebecca.wordpress.com.

[medium-izaguirre-14] Laura Izaguirre (May 26, 2020). Resisting TERF's and Transforming Their Organizations (Archived from Medium.com). Medium.com.

[wp-izaguirre-15] Laura Izaguirre (May 28, 2020). Resisting TERF's and Transforming Their Organizations (Archived from WordPress.com). WordPress.

[vwl-16] 16,0 ^16,1 Meghan Murphy (February 7, 2017). Vancouver Women’s Library opens amid anti-feminist backlash. Feminist Current.

[guardian-17] Press Association (October 26, 2017). Suspects sought after brawl between transgender activists and radical feminists. The Guardian.

[statesman1-18] Helen Lewis (April 20, 2018). The madness of our gender debate, where feminists defend slapping a 60-year-old woman. NewStatesman.

[statesman2-19] Anoosh Chakelian (September 14, 2017). Trans rights, TERFs, and a bruised 60-year-old: what happened at Speakers’ Corner?. NewStatesman.

[telegraph-20] Victoria Ward (April 12, 2018). Radical feminist warned to refer to transgender defendant as a 'she' during assault case. The Telegraph.

[times1-21] Lucy Bannerman (April 12, 2018). Transgender activist Tara Wolf denies thumping radical feminist. The Times.

[times2-22] Lucy Bannerman (April 14, 2018). Trans attacker is a thug, says feminist. The Times.

[standard-23] Martin Coulter (April 13, 2018). Transgender activist Tara Wolf fined £150 for assaulting 'exclusionary' radical feminist in Hyde Park. EveningStandard.

[dailymail-24] Bridie Pearson-jones (April 13, 2018). Transgender model who punched feminist and smashed her £120 camera in violent brawl at Hyde Park Speakers' Corner protest walks free from court. MailOnline.

[fc1-25] 25,0 ^25,1 Meghan Murphy (September 15, 2017). Historic Speaker’s Corner becomes site of anti-feminist silencing and violence. Feminist Current.

[fc2-26] 26,0 ^26,1 Jen Izaakson (April 27, 2018). Trans-identified male, Tara Wolf, convicted of assault after Hyde Park attack. Feminist Current.

[planettrans-27] Kelli Busey (September 18, 2017). Trans Activists Vilified For Defense against TERF Attack at Hyde Park. Planet Transgender.

[queerness-28] Sam Hope (September 29, 2017). Trial by media over Speakers’ Corner fracas. The Queerness.

[freedman-29] Rosa Freedman: Professor's door 'covered in urine' after gender law debate. BBC News. December 5, 2018.

[rivers-30] Transgender Activist Ordered To Stand Trial For Oakland Triple Murder. CBS SF BayArea. March 7, 2018.

[camptrans-31] 'MICHIGAN EIGHT' EVICTED OVER FESTIVAL'S NEW 'DON'T ASK DON'T TELL' GENDER POLICY. August 12, 2000.

[autostraddle-32] Riese (November 16, 2016). Oakland Lesbian Couple and Their Son Murdered By Former LGBT Activist. Autostraddle.

[edinburgh-33] Gina Davidson (June 6, 2019). Feminist speaker Julie Bindel 'attacked by transgender person' at Edinburgh University after talk. The Scotsman.

[vrr-fb-34] Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter - Facebook. Facebook. August 16, 2019.

[vrr-twitter-35] VancouverRapeRelief on Twitter. Twitter. August 26, 2019.

[vrr-vancouverisawesome-36] Jessica Kerr (August 28, 2019). Vancouver Rape Relief centre targeted with vandalism, threats over transgender controversy. Vancouver is Awesome.

[vrr-nationalreview-37] Madeleine Kearns (August 28, 2019). Women-Only Rape-Relief Shelter Defunded, Then Vandalized. National Review.

[vrr-citynews-38] Jonathan Szekeres and Lauren Boothby (Aug 27, 2019). Vancouver Rape Relief centre vandalized, likely over restrictions for transgender people. City News.

[dhejne-39] Study suggests that transwomen exhibit a male pattern of criminality. Fair Play For Women. September 8, 2018.

[wpcrime-40] Sex differences in crime. Wikipedia. Retrieved May 31, 2019.

[jamjar-41] Magdalen Berns (April 22, 2018). Masked transactivists surround woman on stairwell. Twitter.

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