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<!-- Supply the title manually to work around {{PAGENAME}} bug with apostrophes. --> | <!-- Supply the title manually to work around {{PAGENAME}} bug with apostrophes. --> | ||
| title = Transwomen in women's sports | description = Transwomen competing in women's sports creates a problem for women, since male physiology brings many performance advantages. | |||
| keywords = women's sports, transwomen, sports, transwomen in sports | |||
Since the [[ | }} | ||
[[File:Fit_but_unequal.jpg|thumb|300px|An infographic explaining several significant differences between the sexes]] | |||
Since the [[Transgender ideology|trans activist]] notion of "trans women are women" is meant literally, it follows that transwomen would be allowed to partake in women's sports. When a sports organization adheres to this notion, it poses a problem to women's sports, since the various physiological differences between the sexes allow peak-performing male athletes to significantly outperform peak-performing female athletes in most disciplines. The extent to which [[hormone replacement therapy]] (HRT) decreases the advantages of being male is yet unstudied, however it is clear that many of the changes the male body undergoes during puberty are not reversed by HRT, such as overall body size, skeletal structure, or the size of the lungs and heart. | |||
== Physiological differences == | == Physiological differences == | ||
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The differences in strength can be very significant. For instance, gross measures of body strength suggest that women are approximately only 50% to 60% as strong as men in the upper body, and 60% to 70% as strong in the lower body.<ref name="pmid8477683">Miller AE, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8477683 Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol'' 66 (3):254-62. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8477683 8477683]</ref> A study of hand-grip strength found that even elite female athletes can be surpassed by a man with no athletic training.<ref name="pmid17186303">Leyk D, Gorges W, Ridder D, Wunderlich M, Rüther T, Sievert A et al. (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17186303 Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol'' 99 (4):415-21. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1 DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17186303 17186303]</ref> Another study of sports performance in various disciplines found that males tend to perform 5.5% to 36.8% better, depending on the discipline.<ref name="pmid24149688">Thibault V, Guillaume M, Berthelot G, Helou NE, Schaal K, Quinquis L et al. (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24149688 Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983.] ''J Sports Sci Med'' 9 (2):214-23. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24149688 24149688]</ref> | The differences in strength can be very significant. For instance, gross measures of body strength suggest that women are approximately only 50% to 60% as strong as men in the upper body, and 60% to 70% as strong in the lower body.<ref name="pmid8477683">Miller AE, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8477683 Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol'' 66 (3):254-62. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8477683 8477683]</ref> A study of hand-grip strength found that even elite female athletes can be surpassed by a man with no athletic training.<ref name="pmid17186303">Leyk D, Gorges W, Ridder D, Wunderlich M, Rüther T, Sievert A et al. (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17186303 Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol'' 99 (4):415-21. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1 DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17186303 17186303]</ref> Another study of sports performance in various disciplines found that males tend to perform 5.5% to 36.8% better, depending on the discipline.<ref name="pmid24149688">Thibault V, Guillaume M, Berthelot G, Helou NE, Schaal K, Quinquis L et al. (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24149688 Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983.] ''J Sports Sci Med'' 9 (2):214-23. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24149688 24149688]</ref> | ||
=== Effect of hormone therapy === | |||
The differences between females and males listed above refer to average individuals, with no regard to the effect hormone replacement therapy might have. A male who underwent feminizing hormone therapy might however lose some of his biological advantages over women. Studies indicate that this effect is very small, and that transwomen mostly retain their biological advantages over women. | |||
A study by [[Emma Hilton]] and Tommy Lundberg, published in Sports Medicine in 2020, found: | |||
<blockquote>''Longitudinal studies examining the effects of testosterone suppression on muscle mass and strength in transgender women consistently show very modest changes, where the loss of lean body mass, muscle area and strength typically amounts to approximately 5% after 12 months of treatment. Thus, the muscular advantage enjoyed by transgender women is only minimally reduced when testosterone is suppressed.''</blockquote> | |||
Another study by Harper et al. published 2021 in the [[wikipedia:British Journal of Sports Medicine|British Journal of Sports Medicine]] concludes: | |||
<blockquote>''In transwomen, hormone therapy rapidly reduces [[wikipedia:Hemoglobin|Hgb]] to levels seen in cisgender women. In contrast, hormone therapy decreases strength, LBM and muscle area, yet values remain above that observed in cisgender women, even after 36 months. These findings suggest that strength may be well preserved in transwomen during the first 3 years of hormone therapy.''</blockquote> | |||
== Notable transwomen in women's sports == | == Notable transwomen in women's sports == | ||
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=== Fallon Fox === | === Fallon Fox === | ||
[[File:FallonFox.png|thumb|300px|Fallon Fox saying he enjoyed fracturing his female opponent's skull]] | |||
In September 2014, male mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter [[Fallon Fox]] severely injured a female opponent, Tamikka Brents, causing her to suffer a concussion, an orbital bone fracture, and seven staples to the head, in the first round of a fight. Brents took to social media to convey her thoughts on the experience of fighting Fox: "I've fought a lot of women and have never felt the strength that I felt in a fight as I did that night. I can't answer whether it's because she ''[sic]'' was born a man or not because I'm not a doctor. I can only say, I've never felt so overpowered ever in my life and I am an abnormally strong female in my own right," she stated. "Her grip was different, I could usually move around in the clinch against other females but couldn't move at all in Fox's clinch..."<ref>Cage Potato. (n.d.). After Being TKO'd by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’. [online] Available at: https://archive.is/yZfcs [Accessed 31 Jan. 2019].</ref> According to Wikipedia, Fox has won 5 out of 6 MMA fights in total as of May 2019, three of which were by knockout.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Fox</ref> | |||
In June 2020, during debates spurred after J.K. Rowling's criticism of the transgender movement, Fallon Fox tweeted about the event: "I knocked two out. One woman’s skull was fractured, the other not. And just so you know, I enjoyed it. See, I love smacking up TEFS ''[sic]'' in the cage who talk transphobic nonsense. It’s bliss! Don’t be mad. 😉"<ref name=fox-twitter/> | |||
=== Rachel McKinnon === | === Rachel McKinnon === | ||
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=== Laurel Hubbard === | === Laurel Hubbard === | ||
Male | ''Also see: [[Wikipedia:Laurel Hubbard]]'' | ||
Male weightlifter [[Laurel Hubbard]] from New Zealand has been taking many women's gold and silver medals. In the 2017 Australian International & Australian Open in Melbourne, he took the gold medal of the women's heaviest 90 kg+ category at a bodyweight of 131.83 kg.<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun/> He thus became the first person to win an international women's weightlifting title for New Zealand.<ref name=hubbard-wapo/><ref name=hubbard-nzherald/> | |||
Hubbard met the official eligibility requirements to compete against women, but many female competitors pointed out the unfairness of the situation. These include Iuniarra Sipaia, Toafitu Perive, Deborah Acason, and Tracey Lambrechs.<ref name=hubbard-samoaobserver/><ref name=hubbard-wapo/> Australian Weightlifting Federation's chief executive, Michael Keelan, said it was unfair to other competitors.<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun/> | |||
Hubbard qualified for the 2018 Commonwealth Games,<ref name=hubbard-nzolympic/> but an elbow injury during the competition forced his withdrawal from the event,<ref name=hubbard-radionz/> while however leading the field.<ref name=hubbard-guardian/> | |||
Hubbard took another two women's gold medals at the 2019 Pacific Games in Samoa.<ref name=hubbard-insidethegames/> | |||
=== Michelle Dumaresq === | === Michelle Dumaresq === | ||
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=== Gabrielle Ludwig === | === Gabrielle Ludwig === | ||
At 52, Gabrielle Ludwig, a Navy veteran, enrolled in Santa Clara Community College's women basketball team. [https://culturallyboundgender.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/bilde.jpg Towering at 6’8”], and more than 30 years older than the female players, this post-operative transwoman was predicted by the team's coach to become "the most dangerous player in the state”,<ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/50-year-old-transsexual-8216woman8217-makes-college-basketball-debut-video 50-year-old transsexual ‘woman’ makes college basketball debut]. (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019.</ref> a prediction which proved to be accurate.<ref>[http://www.espn.com/espnw/athletes-life/article/10170842/espnw-gabrielle-ludwig-52-year-old-transgender-women-college-basketball-player-enjoying-best-year-life espnW -- Gabrielle Ludwig, a 52-year-old transgender women’s college basketball player, enjoying best year of her life.] (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019</ref> | |||
At 52, [[Gabrielle Ludwig]], a Navy veteran, enrolled in Santa Clara Community College's women basketball team. [https://culturallyboundgender.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/bilde.jpg Towering at 6’8”], and more than 30 years older than the female players, this post-operative transwoman was predicted by the team's coach to become "the most dangerous player in the state”,<ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/50-year-old-transsexual-8216woman8217-makes-college-basketball-debut-video 50-year-old transsexual ‘woman’ makes college basketball debut]. (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019.</ref> a prediction which proved to be accurate.<ref>[http://www.espn.com/espnw/athletes-life/article/10170842/espnw-gabrielle-ludwig-52-year-old-transgender-women-college-basketball-player-enjoying-best-year-life espnW -- Gabrielle Ludwig, a 52-year-old transgender women’s college basketball player, enjoying best year of her life.] (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019</ref> | |||
=== Lana Lawless === | |||
The Story Behind Transgender Trying to Play On LPGA Tour<ref>Lana Lawless: The Story Behind Transgender Trying to Play On LPGA Tour | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights https://bleacherreport.com/articles/490657-lana-lawless-the-story-behind-transgender-trying-to-play-on-lpga-tour#slide4</ref> | |||
=== Chloe Anderson === | |||
This transgender volleyball player’s path leads to an NCAA women’s team<ref>Transgender Volleyball Player | Identify | Olympic Channel https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/original-series/detail/identify/identify-season-season-1/episodes/this-transgender-volleyball-player-s-path-leads-to-an-ncaa-women-s-team/</ref> | |||
=== Nattaphon Wangyot === | |||
Transgender student's all-state honors in girls' track and field ignites backlash<ref>Transgender student's all-state honors in girls' track and field ignites backlash https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/6/nattaphon-wangyot-transgender-student-riles-critic/</ref> | |||
=== Amelia Galpin === | |||
Why This Trans Woman Is Running the Boston Marathon<ref>Boston Marathon and Transgender Runners | them. https://www.them.us/story/boston-marathon-trans-women</ref> | |||
=== Aron Taylor === | |||
First transgender woman finishes Jacksonville Marathon<ref>First transgender woman finishes Jacksonville Marathon | firstcoastnews.com https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/first-transgender-woman-finishes-jacksonville-marathon/372266597</ref> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references> | ||
<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/more-sports/laurel-hubbard-wins-female-90kg-division-at-weightliftings-australian-international/news-story/cd4a5fa012eb9a5ceb0281faceea5c7a | |||
|title=Laurel Hubbard wins female 90kg+ division at weightlifting’s Australian International | |||
|date=March 20, 2017 | |||
|author=Matt Windley | |||
|publisher=Herald Sun | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=hubbard-wapo> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/03/22/transgender-woman-wins-international-weightlifting-title-amid-controversy-over-fairness/?noredirect=on | |||
|title= Transgender woman wins international weightlifting title amid controversy over fairness | |||
|date=March 22, 2017 | |||
|author=Marissa Payne | |||
|publisher=The Washington Post | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=hubbard-nzherald> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11821399 | |||
|title=Weightlifting: Transgender lifter Laurel Hubbard wins first international outing | |||
|date=March 19, 2017 | |||
|publisher=NZ Herald | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=hubbard-nzolympic> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.olympic.org.nz/athletes/laurel-hubbard/ | |||
|title=Laurel Hubbard - New Zealand Olympic Team | |||
|date=November 24, 2017 | |||
|publisher=New Zealand Olympic Team | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=hubbard-radionz> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/cwg18/354570/hubbard-has-no-regrets-stays-true-to-sport | |||
|title=Hubbard has no regrets, stays 'true to sport' | |||
|author=Bridget Tunnicliffe | |||
|date=April 9, 2018 | |||
|publisher=Radio New Zealand | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=hubbard-guardian> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/09/transgender-weightlifter-laurel-hubbards-eligibility-under-scrutiny | |||
|title=Transgender weightlifter Laurel Hubbard's eligibility under scrutiny | |||
|date=April 9, 2018 | |||
|author=Helen Davidson | |||
|publisher=The Guardian | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name="hubbard-samoaobserver"> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/23_03_2017/local/18224/Woman-lifter-beaten-by-transgender-speaks-up.htm | |||
|title=Woman lifter beaten by transgender speaks up | |||
|date=March 23, 2017 | |||
|author=Sina Filifilia Seva’aetasi | |||
|publisher=Samoa Observer | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=hubbard-insidethegames> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1082023/transgender-hubbard-beats-samoan-stars | |||
|title=Transgender weightlifter Hubbard beats home favourites at Samoa 2019 after driving incident revealed | |||
|date=July 13, 2019 | |||
|author=Michael Pavitt | |||
|publisher=Inside the Games | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
<ref name=fox-twitter> | |||
{{cite web | |||
|url=http://archive.is/8uEHY | |||
|title=Fallon Fox tweeting about injury caused to opponent | |||
|date=June 16, 2020 | |||
|author=Fallon Fox | |||
|website=Twitter | |||
}} | |||
</ref> | |||
</references> | |||
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[[pt:Mulheres trans em esportes femininos]] | |||