FeministWiki - User contributions [en]

FeministWiki:Technician

2020-06-17T19:36:49Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

The technician is responsible for the technical infrastructure behind the FeministWiki project. She or he keeps the system running, and offers technical support to members. The technician does '''not''' have a leadership role in the community.

As it's possible for the technician to change over time, it could be seen as a title.

There is a FeministWiki account by the name of "Technician" which can be used by the technician to carry out various administrative tasks on the wiki, forum, etc., although it's possible to grant similar administrative powers to other accounts as well. (For instance, the technician could grant such powers to her or his regular FeministWiki account, so they needn't log out and back in all the time with different accounts when carrying administrative tasks.)

The technician can be contacted by mailing to technician@feministwiki.org or via one of the several social media platforms:

Spinster: [https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] (preferred) 
Twitter: [https://twitter.com/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] 
Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki/ FeministWiki]

== The first technician ==

The first technician, who built the FeministWiki infrastructure, is [https://twitter.com/@KammerTaylan Taylan Kammer], who also goes by the humorous pseudonym [https://spinster.xyz/@socjuswiz Social Justice Wizard]. His FeministWiki username is SocJusWiz.



[[pt:FW:Técnico]]

FeministWiki talk:Technical documentation

2020-05-19T14:13:23Z

Bcf: Add minor detail

I admit I'm a bit of a noob when it comes to IRC, but I'm having trouble connecting to it. Tried with WeeChat and KiwiIRC and got the same error: "LDAP authentication failed". Is it a problem with me or with the server? [[User:Bcf|Bcf]] ([[User talk:Bcf|talk]]) 15:23, 19 May 2020 (CEST)
:{{reply to|Bcf}} The technical documentation is aimed more at sysadmins rather than end users, whereas end-user documentation for the various FeministWiki components is found on [[FW:Welcome]]. Still, I added a brief mention to this page of how the server authenticates clients, it's probably good to have it in multiple places.
:In KiwiIRC it should be enough to enable encryption (click the padlock icon to make it green) and enter your username and password into the standard fields. (It should switch to port 6697 when you enable encryption.)
:In WeeChat, add the FeministWiki via <code>/server add fw irc.feministwiki.org/6697 -ssl</code> and then set the username and password for the connection via <code>/set irc.fw.nicks Bcf</code> and <code>/set irc.fw.password my_password</code> and I think it should work. I haven't tested it though so please tell me if it doesn't work.
:BTW you can sign entries on talk pages with "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" (four tildes) which will be automatically turned into a signature, like this. [[User:Technician|Technician]] ([[User talk:Technician|talk]]) 04:31, 19 May 2020 (CEST)
::{{reply to|Technician}} I figured maybe I was unable to connect to the server due to not capitalising the first character, but even after doing that I'm not able to connect to it. This is what my WeeChat config file looks like: [https://pastebin.com/UAhAqwNh]
::I also tried to set <code>username</code> and <code>sasl_username</code> as my username, and <code>ssl_password</code> and <code>sasl_password</code> as my password, but none of this worked. I still get <code>LDAP authentication failed</code> in both WeeChat and Kiwi IRC. [[User:Bcf|Bcf]] ([[User talk:Bcf|talk]]) 16:12, 19 May 2020 (CEST)

FeministWiki talk:Technical documentation

2020-05-19T14:12:23Z

Bcf: Still getting the same error and unable to connect to IRC

I admit I'm a bit of a noob when it comes to IRC, but I'm having trouble connecting to it. Tried with WeeChat and KiwiIRC and got the same error: "LDAP authentication failed". Is it a problem with me or with the server? [[User:Bcf|Bcf]] ([[User talk:Bcf|talk]]) 15:23, 19 May 2020 (CEST)
:{{reply to|Bcf}} The technical documentation is aimed more at sysadmins rather than end users, whereas end-user documentation for the various FeministWiki components is found on [[FW:Welcome]]. Still, I added a brief mention to this page of how the server authenticates clients, it's probably good to have it in multiple places.
:In KiwiIRC it should be enough to enable encryption (click the padlock icon to make it green) and enter your username and password into the standard fields. (It should switch to port 6697 when you enable encryption.)
:In WeeChat, add the FeministWiki via <code>/server add fw irc.feministwiki.org/6697 -ssl</code> and then set the username and password for the connection via <code>/set irc.fw.nicks Bcf</code> and <code>/set irc.fw.password my_password</code> and I think it should work. I haven't tested it though so please tell me if it doesn't work.
:BTW you can sign entries on talk pages with "<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>" (four tildes) which will be automatically turned into a signature, like this. [[User:Technician|Technician]] ([[User talk:Technician|talk]]) 04:31, 19 May 2020 (CEST)
::{{reply to|Technician}} I figured maybe I was unable to connect to the server due to not capitalising the first character, but even after doing that I'm not able to connect to it. This is what my WeeChat config file looks like: [https://pastebin.com/UAhAqwNh]
::I also tried to set <code>username</code> and <code>sasl_username</code> as my username, and <code>ssl_password</code> and <code>sasl_password</code> as my password, but none of this worked. I still get <code>LDAP authentication failed</code>. [[User:Bcf|Bcf]] ([[User talk:Bcf|talk]]) 16:12, 19 May 2020 (CEST)

FeministWiki talk:Technical documentation

2020-05-19T13:24:04Z

Bcf: Add my signature

FeministWiki:Boas-vindas

2020-05-19T10:55:53Z

Bcf: Bcf moved page FeministWiki:Boas-vindas to FeministWiki:Welcome over redirect: Translated the wrong page :'-((

#REDIRECT [[FeministWiki:Welcome]]

FeministWiki:Welcome

2020-05-19T10:55:53Z

Bcf: Bcf moved page FeministWiki:Boas-vindas to FeministWiki:Welcome over redirect: Translated the wrong page :'-((

Welcome to the FeministWiki! This page will guide you through everything you need to know as a member.

== What is the FeministWiki? ==

The FeministWiki is a website with different components, that aims to offer a rich digital platform for feminist information and activism. The components of the FeministWiki are:

* A wiki, where educational and informational articles on feminist topics can be curated by the community. Like Wikipedia, but for feminism. You're reading a page of the wiki right now.
* A [https://blogs.feministwiki.org/ blog platform] where members who wish to publish articles can become authors on the shared main blog, or get their own personalized blog which they have full control over, such as: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org/socjuswiz/ SocialJusticeWizardry]
* A [https://files.feministwiki.org file-storage platform] (similar to DropBox) where you can upload files you want to save, and optionally share them with others. For instance, you could upload PDF documents, information charts, recordings of seminars, or even just feminist memes, so you can access them from any computer by logging in to your FeministFiles account.
* A [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ traditional web forum] where members can hold discussions about all sorts of topics. If you're familiar with the British website Mumsnet, this one's a bit like that.
* A [https://chat.feministwiki.org chat messaging system] that can be used through the website or via smartphone apps. Like WhatsApp, but accessible for FeministWiki members only, and it doesn't need your mobile number.

Members of the FeministWiki can use all of these services by logging in with the same username and password in each of them.

Further, every member is given an e-mail address like ''janedoe@feministwiki.org'' which they can use to send and receive e-mails. This might be useful, for example, if you don't want to use your personal e-mail address for political purposes.

=== What sort of feminism is it for? ===

As explained on the [[Main Page]], the FeministWiki is aimed at classical/radical feminism.

This includes, for instance, anti-prostitution and anti-pornography activism, female reproductive rights, opposition to gender stereotypes, support for female-only spaces, alliance with lesbian feminists and generally support for lesbian rights, and so on.

Genuine intersectional approaches are definitely valued, such as alliance with black feminists, support of women in poverty, etc., whereas faux-intersectionality that denies sex-based oppression and centers male interests is frowned upon.

=== How are new members added? ===

All members of the FeministWiki have a right to [https://add-member.feministwiki.org add further members] as they like.

Please be careful in who you add, as communities like this are juicy targets for troll infiltration. The system internally keeps track of who was added by who, so in the absolute worst case the technician is able to find the source of a troll infiltration and issue a sweeping ban to bring back peace, but it would of course be ideal if something like this didn't happen in the first place.

That said, please bring in as many of your trusted friends as you can! The FeministWiki only has a purpose so long as there's a community making use of it.

=== Can I trust you with my data? ===

If you want maximum security, '''you should never use any FeministWiki service to store or transmit sensitive information'''. The [[FW:Technician|technician(s)]] who have administrative access to the server can see your chat messages, emails, files uploaded to file storage, and so on, unless you use encryption on your computer before transmitting the data. There is also always the possibility of security holes in the server leading to data leaks, even if the technicians are not malicious and even if they follow common security best practices.

That said, the FeministWiki promises to show the utmost responsibility with regard to privacy and security. It doesn't expect you to provide any sort of personal information in your profile, and even if you choose to do so, the FeministWiki will never give that information out, unless forced to do so by German law enforcement.

=== Who runs the site? ===

The site was set up by [[FW:Technician|a male computer programmer]] who wanted to do volunteer work for the radical feminist movement (and also train his server administration skills). For now, he prefers not to reveal his real-life identity, to deter abuse from anti-feminists. He is well aware of the repeated scandals surrounding "male feminists" and has no expectation of gaining the trust of all members. As such, he tries to create an open and well-documented infrastructure that should be easy to replicate by any other IT specialist in case something goes wrong. Also, the site does not expect members to provide any personal information. (See also the previous section.) This way, members shouldn't ''need'' to put trust in whoever is running the site, as they could take things under their own control if needed.

"Trust is good, control is better." -- German idiom, commonly attributed to Vladimir Lenin

== Help topics ==

=== What happens if I lose my password? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Password]]''

If you want to have safety against lost passwords, you can set a recovery e-mail address via the [https://settings.feministwiki.org/settings.html FeministWiki Account Settings] page. This e-mail address should '''not''' be your FeministWiki e-mail address (like ''janedoe@feministwiki.org''), because you need your FeministWiki password to access that one in the first place. (Chicken and egg problem.) The recovery e-mail address will be invisible to everyone except the FeministWiki technician.

If it's very important for you to keep your identity private, and if you don't trust the technician or fear data leaks, then you can use an e-mail address that isn't tied to your real identity. Just make sure that you can always access the e-mail that you use for this purpose, as otherwise you will not be able to reset your password.

'''Alternatively,''' you can contact the technician by sending an email to technician@feministwiki.org and ask for a manual password reset.

=== How does creating or editing wiki pages work? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Wiki]]''

Getting the hang of wiki editing may take some time, but the community will surely be delighted by your contributions!

See the help page linked above to get started, or dive right into the official and comprehensive [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents MediaWiki help page] if you're already somewhat skilled with software or feel courageous.

=== How do I use the forum? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Forum]]''

''Forum front-page: https://forum.feministwiki.org/''

An internet forum or web forum is a website that allows members to create "topics" (also called "threads") to discuss a certain matter. Once a topic is created, other members can reply (or "post") to the topic to add their insights. There is no limit to what these topics may be about, so the forum usually offers a number of categories (or "sub forums") under which the topics are grouped. A well-known example of a web forum is the British website [https://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/active-conversations Mumsnet].

For detailed instructions on how to use the FeministWiki forum, visit the forum help page linked above.

=== How do I use the chat system? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Chat]]''

''Chat web-interface: https://chat.feministwiki.org/''

The simplest way to use the chat is by opening the web interface linked above, and logging in there with your FeministWiki username and password.

You can also access the chat from dedicated chat programs like [https://gajim.org/ Gajim] or smartphone apps like [https://www.xabber.com/android/ Xabber for Android] or [https://chatsecure.org/ ChatSecure for iOS].

For detailed instructions on how to set up some of these chat programs/apps, see the help page linked above.

=== How do I publish on the blog? ===

''Blog front-page: https://blogs.feministwiki.org/''

If you want to publish articles on the FeministWiki blog, ask the technician by sending an e-mail to technician@feministwiki.org, and your FeministWiki account will be granted the ability to publish on the blog. If you want, you can also get a personalized blog that you have full control over, under a name like "blogs.feministwiki.org/JaneDoe".

The blog uses a self-hosted installation of the well-known blogging software [https://wordpress.com/features/ WordPress]. While the WordPress organization controls blogs that are hosted on their own servers, they also release the software behind their blogging system under a [https://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software free software] license, so anyone can install it on their own servers. The FeministWiki has such a local installation of that software, meaning that the WordPress organization has no control over what's published on the FeministWiki blog. As such, you don't need to fear censorship.

For further information on the FeministWiki blog, visit the blog front-page linked above.

=== How do I use the file storage? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Files]]''

''Files web-interface: https://files.feministwiki.org/''

The FeministWiki file storage lets you upload potentially very large files and save them on the FeministWiki servers. You can then access the files from anywhere, and optionally share some files with others via a link you send them.

To prevent accidental overloading of the server, every member is granted a quota of 1 GB storage by default. If you would like to store more data, just ask the technician to increase your quota.

For detailed information on how to use the file storage, see the help page linked above.

=== How do I use my FeministWiki e-mail address? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Mail]]''

''Mail web-interface: https://mail.feministwiki.org/''

The easiest way to use your FeministWiki e-mail is by visiting the web interface linked above, and logging in with your FeministWiki username and password.

You can also set up any e-mail program/app on your computer or smartphone to use your FeministWiki e-mail address.

For further details, see the help page linked above.

=== Wait what? You have an IRC server? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:IRC]]''

The FeministWiki offers an ''Internet Relay Chat'' server for those who have been using computers for a long time and feel especially nostalgic, or those among the younger generations who have re-discovered IRC.

The server is only open to members. It rejects connections from those who can't authenticate with a valid FeministWiki username and password. The hostname is '''irc.feministwiki.org''' and only encrypted connections are accepted, on port 6697. To establish a connection, configure your IRC client so that your IRC nick is your FeministWiki username, and make your client use the rudimentary <code>PASS</code> authentication method with your FeministWiki password. (In most IRC clients this will simply correspond to a "password" text field that you fill out while configuring the connection.)

=== I have a friend who wants to become a member! ===

''Interface: [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add a member]''

Every member of the FeministWiki can add further members. Currently the above-linked basic web interface is the way to do so.

Simply fill out your own FeministWiki username and password, and then enter the desired username for the member you want to add. After you click the "Add member" button, the page will show some text saying that the operation was successful and show you an automatically generated password. Send the username and the generated password to the new member and inform them that they can change their password after logging in.

FeministWiki:Welcome

2020-05-19T10:47:33Z

Bcf: Bcf moved page FeministWiki:Welcome to FeministWiki:Boas-vindas: Traduzir página para o português

FeministWiki talk:Technical documentation

2020-05-18T19:03:53Z

Bcf: Trouble connecting to IRC channel

Nordic Model

2020-05-08T11:14:47Z

Bcf: Undo revision 913 by Bcf (talk) Retrospectively I don't think it would be really worth it changing the capitalization and moving the page, having the risk of breaking links

{{PageSeo | description = The Nordic Model is the only legislative model on prostitution that is compatible with human rights.
}}
In [[anti-prostitution feminism]], the '''Nordic Model''' (previously '''Swedish Model''') refers to a legal system in which those who prostitute others (pimps) and those who buy sex (punters) are criminalized, whereas those who are prostituted or who prostitute themselves are decriminalized. Further, the model emphasizes the importance of offering social and economic support to those who would otherwise have no other choice than to prostitute themselves, due to economic and/or mental health related problems such as drug addiction.

The Nordic Model is unique in that it views prostitution as being inherently a crime against the prostituted. The idea stems from the feminist analysis of prostitution as a form of economic exploitation and coercion of women into allowing men direct access to their bodies for nothing other than the men's carnal pleasure. This is seen as a uniquely undignifying and often severely traumatizing act, which cannot be seen as a legitimate form of labor. In many instances, the victims of prostitution can also be transsexuals, men, or even children, although the sex buyers are nearly always men.

Further, pimps are often known to hold the prostituted in slave-like conditions, in which the prostituted barely receive a share of the earnings, and are routinely abused not only by the punters but also by the pimp. An even more extreme version of this is the combination of human trafficking with forced prostitution, in which women or other persons are traded like slaves for the sole purpose of being forced into prostitution by the buyer. The relation between the "demand" created by punters willing to buy sex, and the corresponding "supply" which is then offered by pimps and human traffickers, forms an additional motivation for the Nordic Model, which is to ''end the demand'' for trafficked people. As the buying of sex is criminalized, the demand for prostitution decreases, and as such pimps and human traffickers lose motivation to take the risk of getting caught, since their earnings aren't as lucrative as before.

The Nordic Model is routinely criticized by "pro-[[sex work]]" activists, who hold the free choice of a comparatively privileged person to willingly do prostitution above the safety and rights of those who inevitably suffer under forced prostitution when prostitution is tolerated at all by society. They argue that the problems of forced prostitution, physical/sexual abuse in prostitution, and human trafficking, can be clearly separated from the act of prostitution itself. Many go as far as claiming that if prostitution were to be fully decriminalized, it would decrease the more abusive forms of prostitution as "cleaner" forms of prostitution would replace them. Data suggests that the net effect of full decriminalization is in fact an increase rather than a decrease in human trafficking, as predicted by proponents of the Nordic Model. It is also observed that, despite "pro-sex work" activists' claims that decriminalization decreases "stigma" and as such the likelihood of prostituted women suffering from violence, there seems to be in fact no end to the extreme forms of violence faced by prostituted women in countries such as New Zealand where prostitution is fully decriminalized.

''(Todo: mention the NSWP, Amnesty, etc.)''

== References ==

* https://nordicmodelnow.org/
* http://prostitutionresearch.com/
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X12001453
* http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/newsArchives/2012/12/Legalised-prostitution-increases-human-trafficking.aspx
* https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/04/19/is-legalized-prostitution-safer/legalizing-prostitution-leads-to-more-trafficking
* https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/11/03/remembering-the-murdered-women-erased-by-the-pro-sex-work-agenda/
* https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/22/pimp-amnesty-prostitution-policy-sex-trade-decriminalise-brothel-keepers



[[pt:Modelo nórdico]]

Nordic Model

2020-05-08T11:12:16Z

Bcf: Change capitalization of title

{{PageSeo | description = The Nordic model is the only legislative model on prostitution that is compatible with human rights.
}}
In [[anti-prostitution feminism]], the '''Nordic model''' (previously '''Swedish model''') refers to a legal system in which those who prostitute others (pimps) and those who buy sex (punters) are criminalized, whereas those who are prostituted or who prostitute themselves are decriminalized. Further, the model emphasizes the importance of offering social and economic support to those who would otherwise have no other choice than to prostitute themselves, due to economic and/or mental health related problems such as drug addiction.

The Nordic Model is unique in that it views prostitution as being inherently a crime against the prostituted. The idea stems from the feminist analysis of prostitution as a form of economic exploitation and coercion of women into allowing men direct access to their bodies for nothing other than the men's carnal pleasure. This is seen as a uniquely undignifying and often severely traumatizing act, which cannot be seen as a legitimate form of labor. In many instances, the victims of prostitution can also be transsexuals, men, or even children, although the sex buyers are nearly always men.

Further, pimps are often known to hold the prostituted in slave-like conditions, in which the prostituted barely receive a share of the earnings, and are routinely abused not only by the punters but also by the pimp. An even more extreme version of this is the combination of human trafficking with forced prostitution, in which women or other persons are traded like slaves for the sole purpose of being forced into prostitution by the buyer. The relation between the "demand" created by punters willing to buy sex, and the corresponding "supply" which is then offered by pimps and human traffickers, forms an additional motivation for the Nordic Model, which is to ''end the demand'' for trafficked people. As the buying of sex is criminalized, the demand for prostitution decreases, and as such pimps and human traffickers lose motivation to take the risk of getting caught, since their earnings aren't as lucrative as before.

The Nordic Model is routinely criticized by "pro-[[sex work]]" activists, who hold the free choice of a comparatively privileged person to willingly do prostitution above the safety and rights of those who inevitably suffer under forced prostitution when prostitution is tolerated at all by society. They argue that the problems of forced prostitution, physical/sexual abuse in prostitution, and human trafficking, can be clearly separated from the act of prostitution itself. Many go as far as claiming that if prostitution were to be fully decriminalized, it would decrease the more abusive forms of prostitution as "cleaner" forms of prostitution would replace them. Data suggests that the net effect of full decriminalization is in fact an increase rather than a decrease in human trafficking, as predicted by proponents of the Nordic Model. It is also observed that, despite "pro-sex work" activists' claims that decriminalization decreases "stigma" and as such the likelihood of prostituted women suffering from violence, there seems to be in fact no end to the extreme forms of violence faced by prostituted women in countries such as New Zealand where prostitution is fully decriminalized.

''(Todo: mention the NSWP, Amnesty, etc.)''

== References ==

* https://nordicmodelnow.org/
* http://prostitutionresearch.com/
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X12001453
* http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/newsArchives/2012/12/Legalised-prostitution-increases-human-trafficking.aspx
* https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/04/19/is-legalized-prostitution-safer/legalizing-prostitution-leads-to-more-trafficking
* https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/11/03/remembering-the-murdered-women-erased-by-the-pro-sex-work-agenda/
* https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/22/pimp-amnesty-prostitution-policy-sex-trade-decriminalise-brothel-keepers



[[pt:Modelo nórdico]]

Nordic Model

2020-05-08T10:55:00Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

Anna Julia Cooper

2020-05-08T01:19:55Z

Bcf: Add language links

Anna Julia Cooper was born on August 10th, 1858, in North Carolina, to Hannah Stanley Haywood and the white man who owned her.<ref>http://cooperproject.org/about-anna-julia-cooper/</ref> She enrolled in a school for freed slaves and excelled as a student. At the age of ten she taught math part time. She observed that male classmates were encouraged to pursue harder studies than female students.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Julia-Cooper</ref>

Anna married her George Cooper, a classmate. They married in 1877 but he died 2 years later. After his death, Anna went to Oberlin College in Ohio and graduated with a bachelors in math and later getting a masters degree in math in 1888. She became a teacher at M Street High School in Washington, D.C., where she taught math, science and Latin. In 1902 she became the principal. She put an emphasis on college prep courses and more students were accepted into Ivy League schools under her principality. The Board of Education refused to rehire her for the 1905-6 school year so she taught at Lincoln University, a historically black college in Missouri. She was rehired at the M Street school in 1910, until 1930, when she was president of Frelinghusen University for working adults until 1941. She also got a doctorate and wrote her dissertation in French, about slavery.

In the 1890s she became a public speaker and advocate for education for people of colour. She spoke to both the National Conference of Colored Women in 1895 and the first Pan-African Conference in 1900.

She also cared for and raised two foster children and five adoptive children. At 105 she died in her sleep.

== References ==



[[de:Anna Julia Cooper]] [[pt:Anna Julia Cooper]]

Anna Julia Cooper

2020-05-08T01:00:00Z

Bcf: Typo

Anna Julia Cooper

2020-05-08T00:58:24Z

Bcf: Restructure sentence

Anna Julia Cooper was born on August 10th, 1858, in North Carolina, to Hannah Stanley Haywood and the white man who owned her.<ref>http://cooperproject.org/about-anna-julia-cooper/</ref> She enrolled in a school for freed slaves and excelled as a student. At the age of ten the taught math part time. She observed that male classmates were encouraged to pursue harder studies than female students.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Julia-Cooper</ref>

Anna married her George Cooper, a classmate. They married in 1877 but he died 2 years later. After his death, Anna went to Oberlin College in Ohio and graduated with a bachelors in math and later getting a masters degree in math in 1888. She became a teacher at M Street High School in Washington, D.C., where she taught math, science and Latin. In 1902 she became the principal. She put an emphasis on college prep courses and more students were accepted into Ivy League schools under her principality. The Board of Education refused to rehire her for the 1905-6 school year so she taught at Lincoln University, a historically black college in Missouri. She was rehired at the M Street school in 1910, until 1930, when she was president of Frelinghusen University for working adults until 1941. She also got a doctorate and wrote her dissertation in French, about slavery.

In the 1890s she became a public speaker and advocate for education for people of colour. She spoke to both the National Conference of Colored Women in 1895 and the first Pan-African Conference in 1900.

She also cared for and raised two foster children and five adoptive children. At 105 she died in her sleep.

== References ==

Anna Julia Cooper

2020-05-08T00:53:43Z

Bcf: Include references header

Anna Julia Cooper was born in North Carolina to Hannah Stanley Haywood and the white man who owned her.<ref>http://cooperproject.org/about-anna-julia-cooper/</ref> She was born August 10th, 1858. She enrolled in a school for freed slaves and excelled as a student. At the age of ten the taught math part time. She observed that male classmates were encouraged to pursue harder studies than female students.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Julia-Cooper</ref>

Anna married her George Cooper, a classmate. They married in 1877 but he died 2 years later. After his death, Anna went to Oberlin College in Ohio and graduated with a bachelors in math and later getting a masters degree in math in 1888. She became a teacher at M Street High School in Washington, D.C., where she taught math, science and Latin. In 1902 she became the principal. She put an emphasis on college prep courses and more students were accepted into Ivy League schools under her principality. The Board of Education refused to rehire her for the 1905-6 school year so she taught at Lincoln University, a historically black college in Missouri. She was rehired at the M Street school in 1910, until 1930, when she was president of Frelinghusen University for working adults until 1941. She also got a doctorate and wrote her dissertation in French, about slavery.

In the 1890s she became a public speaker and advocate for education for people of colour. She spoke to both the National Conference of Colored Women in 1895 and the first Pan-African Conference in 1900.

She also cared for and raised two foster children and five adoptive children. At 105 she died in her sleep.

== References ==

Andrea Dworkin

2020-05-08T00:43:05Z

Bcf: Change link pointing to (currently non-existing) page "radical feminist" to point to (currently non-existing page, but not for long ;-)) "Radical feminism"

Andrea Dworkin was a [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] and author. She was born in 1946 and died in 2005. She was anti-pornography and many of her views have been misrepresented.

=== Biography ===
Dworkin was born September 26 1946, in New Jersey. She was often cared for by relatives because of her mothers heart issues. Her father was a socialist. Dworkin went to Bennington College. She protested the Vietnam war and was arrested and given a traumatic body cavity search at a prison. She told newspapers about the abuse and the prison was closed, but her parents disowned her.

After this she moved to Greece and became a prostitute. After a year in Greece she went back to college and got her bachelors degree in 1968. She moved overseas and married a Dutch man who began abusing her. She tried to get help but no one would assist her. She ran away from her husband until a friend helped her come back to the United States. Once back, she divorced her husband. Dworkin released her first book, [[''Woman Hating'']], at the age of 27. Many claimed she was anti-men but she denied this.

Dworkin kept writing until she couldn't anymore due to illness. She died in her sleep in 2005 at the age of 58.<ref>https://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-A-Ec/Dworkin-Andrea.html</ref>

=== Activism ===
Dworkin wrote many books with radical feminist theory that's still talked about today. Many of her books were published by U.K. publishing houses because American companies found her to be too radical.

Linda Marchiano(Lovelace) tried to sue the people in charge of her films because she suffered from being coerced into pornography. Dworkin asked [[Catharine MacKinnon]] to help Marchiano but there were no standing laws to support her case. An ordinance was drafted to allow people to sue the producers of pornography, which was supported by radical feminists and conservatives but other feminist groups argued it blocked women's right to explore their sexuality. A couple cities adopted it but the U.S. Supreme court deemed it unconstitutional.

== References ==
<references/>



[[pt:Andrea Dworkin]]

Help:Wiki

2020-05-08T00:29:03Z

Bcf: Fix link to Black feminism page

This page is aimed to get you started with creating new pages or editing existing pages on the FeministWiki.

== What is a wiki anyway? ==

A wiki is a knowledge base like an encyclopedia, but possibly specialized to a certain topic. Ours is specialized on Feminism.

The core idea behind a wiki is that anyone can edit the content or add new content. However, the FeministWiki puts a limit on that since there are so many anti-feminist trolls out in the wild who would wreak havoc on the wiki if they could edit it. Therefore, instead of allowing everyone to edit, the FeministWiki only allows its members to edit the wiki, although everyone can read it.

Still, since there is the principle of shared authorship over the content, you should not write on the wiki like you would be writing in a blog, on Facebook, or for a newspaper, and you should not feel personally attached to the content you create, as anyone who comes across it might make changes to it (to improve it, hopefully). Similarly, you should feel free to edit any page to improve it, without worrying about being rude to its original author.

The tone of the wiki should be impartial, objective, and factual, even if it clearly takes a feminist viewpoint. For a typical example on how the tone on the wiki should be, you can simply read some Wikipedia articles on feminism for instance:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism

Note that our wiki looks very similar to Wikipedia because it uses the same software, called [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki MediaWiki].

== Contributing to the wiki ==

This section will guide you through the absolute basics of being a wiki editor, with links to more detailed help pages from the MediaWiki software.

You can try out the editing functions by freely editing the [[Help:Sandbox|Sandbox]] page, where you don't need to worry about breaking things.

=== Creating new pages ===

To create a new page, first enter the name of the page you would like to create into the Search field on the top right.

[[File:help-wiki-01-search.png|thumb|none|700px|The search box]]

Given that the page doesn't yet exist, it will return a results page like the following.

[[File:help-wiki-02-results.png|thumb|none|700px|The results page for a non-existing page]]

There you can click on the red link in the sentence saying "Create the page so-and-so" and it should lead to a page that looks like the following.

[[File:help-wiki-03-create.png|thumb|none|700px|The editing interface for an empty page]]

From this point on, you edit the contents you want the new page to have, via the editing interface like, when editing any existing page. See below for more details on how this content editing works.

The MediaWiki help pages have more details on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Starting_a_new_page starting a new page].

=== Editing an existing page ===

To start editing an existing page, simple click the "Edit" button at the top right panel of the page, as seen in the following image:

[[File:help-wiki-04-edit.png|thumb|none|700px|Top portion of the page [[Black feminism]]. The "Edit" button is marked in yellow.]]

=== Editing the actual content ===

So you've started a new page or are editing an existing one, but how does the editing interface actually work?

What you write into the editing box appears mostly as-is in the resulting page. However, some symbols can be used to create specific formatting or insert special elements (like images or tables) into the page.

As a simple example, writing <code><nowiki>''example''</nowiki></code> into the editing area (that's two pairs of the apostrophe symbol <code>'</code>, not the double-quote symbol <code>"</code>) will result in the following stylized text: ''example''

For a full list of such styling options, see the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting MediaWiki help page on Formatting], and also see the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Links MediaWiki help page on linking] to see how you create links within the text.

=== What topics are OK to write about? ===

Anything you think is relevant to feminism in some way, or which you think other feminists might appreciate knowing more about, is an acceptable topic and might be deserving of its own page.

It should be obvious from the [[Main Page]] that the FeministWiki is primarily intended for classical and radical feminist ideologies, and the member base will correspond to that. As such, you don't have to worry about liberal/queer feminists taking offense at your writing. However, if there is a topic that's likely to be contentious or divisive among classical or radical feminists, please be careful when writing about it so as not to create unnecessary friction. After all, we all want the FeministWiki to be a comfortable space for its members.

Also, try not to create pages for very narrowly focused topics. Remember that it's supposed to be like an encyclopedia, and not like a blog (or Facebook or Twitter).

== Communication between editors ==

Since a wiki hosts community-curated content, it's crucial for editors to communicate with each other, especially when there's disagreement on the content of a page.

Of course you can always use your favorite social media platform (Twitter, Facebook, reddit) to talk to other FeministWiki editors, if they have an account on the same platform. Otherwise you might also be able to find them on the FeministWiki web forum, on the FeministWiki chat platform, or you could send an e-mail to their FeministWiki e-mail address (like "janedoe@feministwiki.org"). See the related help pages on how to use those methods.

However on the wiki, there is also a primitive but tightly integrated way to talk to each other: talk pages. There are article talk pages and user talk pages.

=== Talk pages ===

Every page on the FeministWiki has an associated Discussion page, also called a Talk page. If you make a change to an article, but someone objects and reverts the change, you can write something on the discussion page of the article to hopefully reach a mutual agreement on how the content should be.

The following image shows the "Discussion" button (link) at the top of a page.

[[File:help-wiki-05-talk.png|thumb|none|700px|The "Discussion" button is marked in yellow.]]

Talk pages are just like normal pages. When they don't have any content yet, their link is red (seen in the image above) and clicking on the link directly brings you to the editing interface so you can create the talk page. Oftentimes, the talk page will already be existent because other editors used it before. '''In both cases''' it's ideal to use the "Add topic" button to create a new discussion topic within the page. This ensures that the discussion is given its own "Subject" header and doesn't interfere with other discussions that might already exist on the page.

[[File:help-wiki-06-add-topic.png|thumb|none|700px|The "Add topic" button is marked in yellow.]]

Clicking on "Add topic" will give you an editing page that looks pretty much identical to a regular editing page. The only differences are: there will be an extra field for the "Subject", and the contents of the editing box will always be empty and automatically appended to the existing talk page when you click "Save" instead of replacing existing content.

When you've created a new topic on the talk page to discuss something with other editors, you might want to make sure that they're notified of this. See the next section for instructions on how to directly contact an editor, so you can make sure that they see the topic you started in the talk page.

See the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Talk_pages MediaWiki help page on "talk pages"] for more details on the topic of talk pages.

=== Directly contacting another editor ===

While the FeministWiki infrastructure offers many ways for members to keep in touch (email, forum, chat), the wiki also has its own system for talking to another editor, which might be the best option when you want to talk about something on the wiki, especially since you can't know whether the other editor uses any of the additional communication methods offered by the FeministWiki.

To talk to another editor through the wiki, click on the little "(talk)" link beside their username. This will open the "user talk page" of that editor, which is a lot like the regular talk pages we've covered in the previous section. You will find the same "Add topic" button at the top of this user talk page, where you can write something that the editor will most certainly see when they log in to the wiki, because they will be automatically notified of additions to their personal talk page.

[[File:help-wiki-07-1-user-talk-link.png|thumb|none|900px|One way to reach an editor's user talk page is by opening the "View history" section of an article where they've made changes, then click on the "talk" link to the right of their name.]]

When you want to discuss about a disagreement in a specific article of the FeministWiki, then it's best to use that article's talk page for this, instead of writing on another editor's user talk page. A typical strategy is to add a topic to the regular talk page, and then just write a small notification on the user's talk page where you can link them to the original talk page.

[[File:help-wiki-07-user-talk.png|thumb|none|900px|Example message to Admin by writing to their user talk page. Don't forget to use the "Add topic" function so you can add a Subject line. In this example, I forgot to sign off my comment with <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> (see next section).]]

=== Details on talk page usage ===

When you click on "Add section" in a discussion page, it asks you for a header and the content, but what when you want to reply to someone, or add a further comment to the discussion section you created?

To insert a comment in a discussion page, you write what you want to write somewhere (usually at the end of the section you want to comment on), then put four tilde symbols (~) at the end, which makes the wiki software sign off that text with your name. (It's best practice to always sign off comments with the four tilde symbols, also when creating a new talk topic.)

The following example shows how a new talk topic is created.

[[File:help-wiki-08-signing-off.png|thumb|none|900px|Adding a talk topic and having the software sign it with my username.]]

After saving that, it will look like this:

[[File:help-wiki-09-signed.png|thumb|none|900px|Note how the signature and timestamp were added automatically. It also contains a quick link to the user's talk page.]]

When replying to someone's comment on a talk page, the response is customarily prepended with a colon (:) sign, which makes the wiki software represent the reply with some indentation.

[[File:help-wiki-10-reply.png|thumb|none|900px|To reply to someone, simply edit the page, and add your comment below theirs, with one colon (:) more than their comment. (A single colon if theirs had none.)]]

After saving, that will look like this:

[[File:help-wiki-11-replied.png|thumb|none|900px|The colon symbol is turned into one level of indentation.]]

For reference, here's an archived discussion page from Wikipedia that you can look at to get a feeling for how a real discussion between multiple people might look:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Radical_feminism/Archive_6

For more details on how to edit talk pages, see the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Talk_pages MediaWiki help page about talk pages].

== Other concerns ==

=== I would like to contribute, but I worry about my grammar skills ===

Don't worry, just add the content! Since this is a wiki, someone with better language skills might come across and improve the grammar. Just make sure that people can understand what you're writing.

=== Do I have to pedantically cite everything? ===

It's best for all factual claims to be cited with evidence, but it's not absolutely crucial. If you've read something which you're sure was from a reliable source, but you don't have a link to it anymore, feel free to mention it anyway, and hopefully someone who comes across it will fact-check it and add the necessary citations.

=== I have more questions! ===

Feel free to ask the technician any further questions you have:

* Email: technician@feministwiki.org
* Spinster: https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki
* Twitter: https://twitter.com/@FeministWiki
* Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki

Transwomen in women's sports

2020-05-08T00:17:50Z

Bcf: Insert link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo

| title = Transwomen in women's sports | description = Transwomen competing in women's sports creates a problem for women, since male physiology brings many performance advantages.
| keywords = women's sports, transwomen, sports, transwomen in sports
}}
Since the [[Transgender ideology|trans activist]] notion of "trans women are women" is meant literally, it follows that transwomen would be allowed to partake in women's sports. When a sports organization adheres to this notion, it poses a problem to women's sports, since the various physiological differences between the sexes allow peak-performing male athletes to significantly outperform peak-performing female athletes in most disciplines. The extent to which [[hormone replacement therapy]] (HRT) decreases the advantages of being male is yet unstudied, however it is clear that many of the changes the male body undergoes during puberty are not reversed by HRT, such as overall body size, skeletal structure, or the size of the lungs and heart.

== Physiological differences ==

Significant physiological differences between the human sexes that might affect athletic performance include but are not limited to:

* Males weigh about 15% more on average<ref name="pmid15544194">Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Flegal KM (2004) [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960-2002.] ''Adv Data'' (347):1-17. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15544194 15544194]</ref>
* Males are about 15 cm (6 in) taller on average<ref name="pmid15544194"/>
* Males have denser and therefore more durable bones on average<ref name="pmid16637873">Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16637873 Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites ('entheses') in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load.] ''J Anat'' 208 (4):471-90. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16637873 16637873]</ref>
* Males have stronger tendons and ligaments on average<ref name="pmid16637873" />
* Males on average have greater total muscle mass<ref name="Janssen">Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., Wang, Z., & Ross, R. (2000). [http://jap.physiology.org/content/89/1/81 Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr.] Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), 81-88. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81 </ref>
* Males on average have a greater ratio of muscle mass to total body mass<ref name="Janssen"/>
* Males have about 56% greater lung volume relative to body mass<ref name="Glucksmann">Glucksmann, A. (1981). Sexual dimorphism in human and mammalian biology and pathology. London: Academic Press. pp. 66–75</ref>
* Males have larger airways and larger expiratory airflow, even when matched to women for height and lung volume<ref name="Hackney">Duke J.W. Sex Hormones and Their Impact on the Ventilatory Responses to Exercise and the Environment (Chapter 2). In: Hackney, A. (ed.) (2017). Sex hormones, exercise and women: Scientific and clinical aspects. Cham (Switz.): Springer, pp. 21-22</ref>
* Males have larger hearts, with 10% higher red blood cell count and higher haemoglobin, meaning greater oxygen carrying capacity, although the difference is less pronounced among athletes<ref name="Glucksmann"/>
* Males have higher circulating "clotting factors" which allow for faster healing of wounds and higher peripheral pain tolerance<ref name="Glucksmann"/>

The differences in strength can be very significant. For instance, gross measures of body strength suggest that women are approximately only 50% to 60% as strong as men in the upper body, and 60% to 70% as strong in the lower body.<ref name="pmid8477683">Miller AE, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8477683 Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol'' 66 (3):254-62. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8477683 8477683]</ref> A study of hand-grip strength found that even elite female athletes can be surpassed by a man with no athletic training.<ref name="pmid17186303">Leyk D, Gorges W, Ridder D, Wunderlich M, Rüther T, Sievert A et al. (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17186303 Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol'' 99 (4):415-21. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1 DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17186303 17186303]</ref> Another study of sports performance in various disciplines found that males tend to perform 5.5% to 36.8% better, depending on the discipline.<ref name="pmid24149688">Thibault V, Guillaume M, Berthelot G, Helou NE, Schaal K, Quinquis L et al. (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24149688 Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983.] ''J Sports Sci Med'' 9 (2):214-23. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24149688 24149688]</ref>

== Notable transwomen in women's sports ==

=== Fallon Fox ===

Male mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter [[Fallon Fox]] brutalized a female opponent, Tamikka Brents, causing her to suffer a concussion, an orbital bone fracture, and seven staples to the head, in the first round of a fight. Brents took to social media to convey her thoughts on the experience of fighting Fox: "I've fought a lot of women and have never felt the strength that I felt in a fight as I did that night. I can't answer whether it's because she ''[sic]'' was born a man or not because I'm not a doctor. I can only say, I've never felt so overpowered ever in my life and I am an abnormally strong female in my own right," she stated. "Her grip was different, I could usually move around in the clinch against other females but couldn't move at all in Fox's clinch..."<ref>Cage Potato. (n.d.). After Being TKO'd by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’. [online] Available at: https://archive.is/yZfcs [Accessed 31 Jan. 2019].</ref> According to Wikipedia, Fox has won 5 out of 6 MMA fights in total as of May 2019, three of which were by knockout.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Fox</ref>

=== Rachel McKinnon ===

Male transgender cyclist [[Rachel McKinnon]] won the women’s 35-44 sprint during the UCI Masters Track Cycling World Championships in Los Angeles, in October 2018.<ref>Ballinger, A. (2019). Rachel McKinnon becomes first transgender woman to win track world title - Cycling Weekly. [online] Cycling Weekly. Available at: https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/rachel-mckinnon-becomes-first-transgender-woman-win-track-world-title-397473 [Accessed 31 Jan. 2019].</ref> Third place finisher Jennifer Wagner commented that this was unfair, and later commented on Twitter that she would work on getting the rules changed, which Rachel McKinnon characterized as transphobic.

=== Terry Miller and Andraya Yearwood ===

Two male transgender high school athletes, [[Terry Miller]] and [[Andraya Yearwood]], won first and second place in the Connecticut state championship 100-meter dash in 2018. Miller also won first place in the 200-meter dash.<ref>Hudak, A. (2018, June 14). Transgender track stars win state championship, ignites debate over rules. Retrieved from https://www.wkbn.com/news/national-world/transgender-track-stars-win-state-championship-ignites-debate/1238813951 </ref>

=== Laurel Hubbard ===

''Also see: [[Wikipedia:Laurel Hubbard]]''

Male weightlifter [[Laurel Hubbard]] from New Zealand has been taking many women's gold and silver medals. In the 2017 Australian International & Australian Open in Melbourne, he took the gold medal of the women's heaviest 90 kg+ category at a bodyweight of 131.83 kg.<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun/> He thus became the first person to win an international women's weightlifting title for New Zealand.<ref name=hubbard-wapo/><ref name=hubbard-nzherald/>

Hubbard met the official eligibility requirements to compete against women, but many female competitors pointed out the unfairness of the situation. These include Iuniarra Sipaia, Toafitu Perive, Deborah Acason, and Tracey Lambrechs.<ref name=hubbard-samoaobserver/><ref name=hubbard-wapo/> Australian Weightlifting Federation's chief executive, Michael Keelan, said it was unfair to other competitors.<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun/>

Hubbard qualified for the 2018 Commonwealth Games,<ref name=hubbard-nzolympic/> but an elbow injury during the competition forced his withdrawal from the event,<ref name=hubbard-radionz/> while however leading the field.<ref name=hubbard-guardian/>

Hubbard took another two women's gold medals at the 2019 Pacific Games in Samoa.<ref name=hubbard-insidethegames/>

=== Michelle Dumaresq ===

Canadian professional downhill mountain-bike competitor [[Michelle Dumaresq]], who is a [[Sex reassignment surgery|post-operative]] male-born transsexual, won the 2002 Canada Cup series, which qualified Dumaresq for the Canadian National team. In September 2002, Dumaresq co-represented Canada at the World Mountain Bike Championships. However, due to technical issues with the bike, Dumaresq only managed a 24th-place finish in the event. In 2003, Dumaresq won the 2003 Canadian National Championships and again represented Canada in the 2003 World Championships. Dumaresq repeated a Nationals win in 2004 and finished 17th at the 2004 World Mountain Bike Championships held in Les Gets, France.

At the 2006 Canadian Nationals, a protest from one of the competitors during the podium ceremonies brought attention to Dumaresq's participation in female sports. The boyfriend of second-place finisher Danika Schroeter jumped up onto the podium and helped Schroeter put on a T-shirt reading '100% Pure Woman Champ'. The Canadian Cycling Association suspended Schroeter for her actions. However, the CCA announced that Schroeter's time off the race course would be served during the off-season when it would have no impact on her.

=== Hannah Mouncey ===

On 27 May 2018, male transgender handball player [[Hannah Mouncey]] scored three goals for Melbourne Handball Club in their win over University of Queensland Handball Club for the 2018 Oceanian Open Club Championship.<ref>http://handballvic.org.au/event/5628/</ref>

=== Gabrielle Ludwig ===

At 52, [[Gabrielle Ludwig]], a Navy veteran, enrolled in Santa Clara Community College's women basketball team. [https://culturallyboundgender.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/bilde.jpg Towering at 6’8”], and more than 30 years older than the female players, this post-operative transwoman was predicted by the team's coach to become "the most dangerous player in the state”,<ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/50-year-old-transsexual-8216woman8217-makes-college-basketball-debut-video 50-year-old transsexual ‘woman’ makes college basketball debut]. (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019.</ref> a prediction which proved to be accurate.<ref>[http://www.espn.com/espnw/athletes-life/article/10170842/espnw-gabrielle-ludwig-52-year-old-transgender-women-college-basketball-player-enjoying-best-year-life espnW -- Gabrielle Ludwig, a 52-year-old transgender women’s college basketball player, enjoying best year of her life.] (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019</ref>

=== Lana Lawless ===

The Story Behind Transgender Trying to Play On LPGA Tour<ref>Lana Lawless: The Story Behind Transgender Trying to Play On LPGA Tour | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights https://bleacherreport.com/articles/490657-lana-lawless-the-story-behind-transgender-trying-to-play-on-lpga-tour#slide4</ref>

=== Chloe Anderson ===

This transgender volleyball player’s path leads to an NCAA women’s team<ref>Transgender Volleyball Player | Identify | Olympic Channel https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/original-series/detail/identify/identify-season-season-1/episodes/this-transgender-volleyball-player-s-path-leads-to-an-ncaa-women-s-team/</ref>

=== Nattaphon Wangyot ===

Transgender student's all-state honors in girls' track and field ignites backlash<ref>Transgender student's all-state honors in girls' track and field ignites backlash https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/6/nattaphon-wangyot-transgender-student-riles-critic/</ref>

=== Amelia Galpin ===

Why This Trans Woman Is Running the Boston Marathon<ref>Boston Marathon and Transgender Runners | them. https://www.them.us/story/boston-marathon-trans-women</ref>

=== Aron Taylor ===

First transgender woman finishes Jacksonville Marathon<ref>First transgender woman finishes Jacksonville Marathon | firstcoastnews.com https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/first-transgender-woman-finishes-jacksonville-marathon/372266597</ref>

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/more-sports/laurel-hubbard-wins-female-90kg-division-at-weightliftings-australian-international/news-story/cd4a5fa012eb9a5ceb0281faceea5c7a
|title=Laurel Hubbard wins female 90kg+ division at weightlifting’s Australian International
|date=March 20, 2017
|author=Matt Windley
|publisher=Herald Sun
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-wapo>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/03/22/transgender-woman-wins-international-weightlifting-title-amid-controversy-over-fairness/?noredirect=on
|title= Transgender woman wins international weightlifting title amid controversy over fairness
|date=March 22, 2017
|author=Marissa Payne
|publisher=The Washington Post
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-nzherald>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11821399
|title=Weightlifting: Transgender lifter Laurel Hubbard wins first international outing
|date=March 19, 2017
|publisher=NZ Herald
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-nzolympic>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.olympic.org.nz/athletes/laurel-hubbard/
|title=Laurel Hubbard - New Zealand Olympic Team
|date=November 24, 2017
|publisher=New Zealand Olympic Team
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-radionz>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/cwg18/354570/hubbard-has-no-regrets-stays-true-to-sport
|title=Hubbard has no regrets, stays 'true to sport'
|author=Bridget Tunnicliffe
|date=April 9, 2018
|publisher=Radio New Zealand
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-guardian>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/09/transgender-weightlifter-laurel-hubbards-eligibility-under-scrutiny
|title=Transgender weightlifter Laurel Hubbard's eligibility under scrutiny
|date=April 9, 2018
|author=Helen Davidson
|publisher=The Guardian
}}
</ref>

<ref name="hubbard-samoaobserver">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/23_03_2017/local/18224/Woman-lifter-beaten-by-transgender-speaks-up.htm
|title=Woman lifter beaten by transgender speaks up
|date=March 23, 2017
|author=Sina Filifilia Seva’aetasi
|publisher=Samoa Observer
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-insidethegames>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1082023/transgender-hubbard-beats-samoan-stars
|title=Transgender weightlifter Hubbard beats home favourites at Samoa 2019 after driving incident revealed
|date=July 13, 2019
|author=Michael Pavitt
|publisher=Inside the Games
}}
</ref>

</references>



[[pt:Mulheres trans em esportes femininos]]

Gender identity

2020-05-07T23:49:59Z

Bcf: Insert link to page in Portuguese

{{stub}}

'''Gender identity''' refers to a person's subjective feeling that they "are" a certain gender, such as a woman, a man, or non-binary. The concept forms one of the core tenets of [[transgender ideology]], where the feeling of having a certain gender identity counts as proof that one literally ''is'' of that gender. This notion is strongly criticized by feminists on grounds of its [[gender essentialism|gender essentialist]] implications, as well as on the grounds that it erodes women's rights by eliminating any useful definition of what a woman is in the first place.

[[pt:Identidade de gênero]]

Gender essentialism

2020-05-07T23:46:51Z

Bcf: Insert link to page in Portuguese

{{stub}}

'''Gender essentialism''' refers to the belief that women and men have a certain essence to their personality in connection with their gender. Concrete examples include the belief that women are gentler, more passive, more easily frightened, and so on, whereas men are stronger, more active, more courageous, and so on. In other words, gender essentialism is the belief that traditional [[gender roles]] and [[gender stereotypes]] are inherent and natural to the sexes.

Feminists are strongly opposed to gender essentialism, as it's used by conservatives to argue that sexist social hierarchies are natural and inevitable.

The concept of [[gender identity]] which forms part of the basis of [[transgender ideology]] is arguably a reformulation of gender essentialism, which is why many feminists oppose it.

Trans activists frequently use the misnomer "biological essentialism" when arguing against the reality of biological sex. They say that it is "biological essentialism" (and therefore somehow bad) to argue that women, by definition, are anatomically female humans. This might in fact be a form of [[Wikipedia:Psychological projection|projection]] resulting from the unwillingness to acknowledge the criticism of their own gender essentialism.



[[pt:Essencialismo de gênero]]

Black feminism

2020-03-28T23:39:38Z

Bcf: Italicize quotes; add Gage's first name; add link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Black feminism refers to ideologies centered on the experiences of black women.
}}
'''Black feminism''' refers to ideologies centered on the experiences of Black women. A central theme in Black feminism is ''intersectionality'', which refers to the ways gender, race, and other social categories interact to influence an individual's life outcomes and experiences of oppression. Prominent Black feminists from the 19th to 21th centuries include [[Anna Julia Cooper]], [[Ida B. Wells]], [[Sojourner Truth]], [[Audre Lorde]], [[Patricia Hill Collins]], Gloria Jean Watkins aka [[bell hooks]], [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]], [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], and Claire Heuchan aka [[Sister Outrider]].

== History ==

Women such as Sojourner Truth, Anna Julia Cooper, and Ida B. Wells exemplified Black feminist activism in the nineteenth century.

In 1851, women’s rights advocate and abolitionist [[Sojourner Truth]] gave a speech at a women’s rights convention in which she challenged both racism and sexism faced by Black women. No actual transcription of the speech exists, although Marius Robinson, who was present during the speech and who worked with Truth, published the following written version some weeks after the original speech:

<blockquote>
I want to say a few words about this matter. I am a woman's rights. [sic] I have as much muscle as any man, and can do as much work as any man. I have plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed, and can any man do more than that? I have heard much about the sexes being equal. I can carry as much as any man, and can eat as much too, if I can get it. I am as strong as any man that is now. As for intellect, all I can say is, if a woman have a pint, and a man a quart – why can't she have her little pint full? You need not be afraid to give us our rights for fear we will take too much, – for we can't take more than our pint'll hold. The poor men seems to be all in confusion, and don't know what to do. Why children, if you have woman's rights, give it to her and you will feel better. You will have your own rights, and they won't be so much trouble. I can't read, but I can hear. I have heard the bible and have learned that Eve caused man to sin. Well, if woman upset the world, do give her a chance to set it right side up again. The Lady has spoken about Jesus, how he never spurned woman from him, and she was right. When Lazarus died, Mary and Martha came to him with faith and love and besought him to raise their brother. And Jesus wept and Lazarus came forth. And how came Jesus into the world? Through God who created him and the woman who bore him. Man, where was your part? But the women are coming up blessed be God and a few of the men are coming up with them. But man is in a tight place, the poor slave is on him, woman is coming on him, he is surely between a hawk and a buzzard.
</blockquote>

About a decade later, women's rights and abolition activist Frances Gage published a different version, featuring a heavy Southern dialect, recalled from her memory. Following is her recalling of the speech, with the Southern dialect edited to more common English for easier reading:

<blockquote>
The leaders of the movement trembled on seeing a tall, gaunt black woman in a gray dress and white turban, surmounted with an uncouth sunbonnet, march deliberately into the church, walk with the air of a queen up the aisle, and take her seat upon the pulpit steps. A buzz of disapprobation was heard all over the house, and there fell on the listening ear, 'An abolition affair!" "Woman's rights and niggers!" "I told you so!" "Go it, darkey!" . . Again and again, timorous and trembling ones came to me and said, with earnestness, "Don't let her speak, Mrs. Gage, it will ruin us. Every newspaper in the land will have our cause mixed up with abolition and niggers, and we shall be utterly denounced." My only answer was, "We shall see when the time comes."

The second day the work waxed warm. Methodist, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Universalist minister came in to hear and discuss the resolutions presented. One claimed superior rights and privileges for man, on the ground of "superior intellect"; another, because of the "manhood of Christ; if God had desired the equality of woman, He would have given some token of His will through the birth, life, and death of the Saviour." Another gave us a theological view of the "sin of our first mother."

There were very few women in those days who dared to "speak in meeting"; and the august teachers of the people were seemingly getting the better of us, while the boys in the galleries, and the sneerers among the pews, were hugely enjoying the discomfiture as they supposed, of the "strong-minded." Some of the tender-skinned friends were on the point of losing dignity, and the atmosphere betokened a storm. When, slowly from her seat in the corner rose Sojourner Truth, who, till now, had scarcely lifted her head. "Don't let her speak!" gasped half a dozen in my ear. She moved slowly and solemnly to the front, laid her old bonnet at her feet, and turned her great speaking eyes to me. There was a hissing sound of disapprobation above and below. I rose and announced, "Sojourner Truth," and begged the audience to keep silence for a few moments.

The tumult subsided at once, and every eye was fixed on this almost Amazon form, which stood nearly six feet high, head erect, and eyes piercing the upper air like one in a dream. At her first word there was a profound hush. She spoke in deep tones, which, though not loud, reached every ear in the house, and away through the throng at the doors and windows.

"Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be somethin' out o' kilter. I think that twixt the niggers of the South and the women of the North, all talkin' about rights, the white man will be in a fix pretty soon. But what's all this here talkin' about?"

"That man over there say that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place!" And raising herself to her full height, and her voice to a pitch like rolling thunder, she asked. "And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! (and she bared her right arm to the shoulder, showing her tremendous muscular power). I have plowed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man--when I could get it--and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have born thirteen children, and seen 'em most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?"

"Then they talk 'bout this thing in the head; what this they call it?" ("Intellect," whispered some one near.) "That's it, honey. What's that got to do with women's rights or nigger's rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half-measure full?" And she pointed her significant finger, and sent a keen glance at the minister who had made the argument. The cheering was long and loud.

"Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from?" Rolling thunder couldn't have stilled that crowd, as did those deep, wonderful tones, as she stood there with outstretched arms and eyes of fire. Raising her voice still louder, she repeated, "Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothin' to do with Him." Oh, what a rebuke that was to that little man.

Turning again to another objector, she took up the defense of Mother Eve. I can not follow her through it all. It was pointed, and witty, and solemn; eliciting at almost every sentence deafening applause; and she ended by asserting: "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together (and she glanced her eye over the platform) ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they're asking to do it, the men better let 'em." Long-continued cheering greeted this. "Obliged to you for hearin' on me, and now ole Sojourner hasn't got nothin' more to say."
</blockquote>

In 1892 another Black woman, [[Anna Julia Cooper]] published ''A Voice from the South'', a book in which she described the importance of the voices of Black women for social change. Another exemplary Black feminist, [[Ida B. Wells]], an activist and journalist, led a crusade against lynching during the 1890s. The work of these and other Black women shows how Black community politics laid the foundation for social justice toward sexism from Black men, marginalization from White feminists, and disenfranchisement under White male privilege.

== Intersectionality ==

A central theme in black feminism is ''intersectionality'', which refers to the ways gender, race, and other social categories (such as class, sexual orientation, etc.) interact or "intersect" to influence an individual's life outcomes and experiences of oppression. The term was first coined by legal scholar [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] in 1989, though the concept predates her coining of the term.

In the 1970s, a group of Black women formed the Combahee River Collective. They saw intersectionality (as it is called today) as integral to the distinction between their movement and that of White feminism, because “the major source of difficulty in our political work is that we are not just trying to fight oppression on one front or even two, but instead to address a whole range of oppressions”.<ref name=crcs/> During the twentieth century, Black women remained active in social justice movements as Black feminism and intersectionality expanded into academic and professional discourse. Women like sociologist Patricia Hill Collins, critical race scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, and writer bell hooks are a few examples.

In recent years, the term intersectionality has frequently been misappropriated by [[Transgender ideology|transgender activists]], who insist that intersectional feminism must center male people who identify as [[Transwoman|transwomen]] and frequently make comparisons between Black women and transwomen, which some Black women find to be incorrect and racist, since Black women, unlike transwomen, are unambiguously [[female]].

== Recommended reading ==

* [https://www.blackfeminisms.com/black-feminism/ A Brief History of Black Feminism] on Blackfeminisms.com
* [https://www.blackfeminisms.com/black-feminism-defined/ Black Feminism Defined] on Blackfeminisms.com
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain't_I_a_Woman? ''"Ain't I a Woman"''] on Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality Intersectionality] on Wikipedia
* [https://sisteroutrider.wordpress.com/ Sister Outrider] - Blog of Claire Heuchan

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=crcs>
[https://americanstudies.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Keyword%20Coalition_Readings.pdf The Combahee River collective Statement (PDF)]
</ref>

</references>



[[pt:Feminismo negro]]

Sex

2020-03-11T19:57:09Z

Bcf: Correct typo and add link to page in Portuguese

{{stub}}

In biology, '''sex''' refers to the categorization of organisms (or their parts) with regard to the role they play in reproduction. When a species reproduces sexually, it usually does so by producing one of two types of gamete that have to come together to form a new member of the species. One type of gamete is large and non-mobile (ova), whereas the other type is small and motile (sperm). When an organism or an organ produces large and non-mobile gametes, it is called '''female'''. If it produces small and motile gametes, it is called '''male'''.

In most mammals, in particular humans, female members of the species can be identified by having two X chromosomes, ovaries, a uterus and a vagina. The ovaries produce ova (also called egg cells), which may be fertilized by a sperm to become a zygote. The zygote rapidly divides to form an blastocyst; this moves along the oviduct (fallopian tube) to the uterus where it becomes implanted in the uterine lining. In addition to the embryo proper, the fetal membranes and placenta are all formed from the cells of the blastocyst i.e. come from the zygote. The developing embryo develops into a fetus, and ultimately a baby which is brought to the world through the vaginal canal. Males can be identified by having an X and a Y chromosome, testes (testicles) and a penis. The testes produce sperm, which are ejaculated into the vagina during sexual intercourse, from where they might travel towards the ova to fertilize them.

Some disorders may cause a person not to develop typical sex organs. The umbrella term [[intersex]] covers persons who show ambiguity in their sex due to such a disorder. Intersex is a disputed term, with some people preferring Diferences (or Disorders) of Sex Development (DSDs). Only 0.018% of all new-borns have genitalia which us truly ambiguous, such babies used to have their sex assigned at birth (this is where the phrase originates) based on the "best guess" of the attending medics. Often this assignment would include surgery - Intersex Genital Mutilation (IGM). The sex in these rare cases is now determined after careful diagnostics tests, and any reassignment surgery is usually not performed until the individual can make informed consent.

Some legal systems also classify people according to sex. Under such systems, a person's legal sex may not correspond to their biological sex, because of errors in documentation, or because of legal sex-change procedures that may be allowed for [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] people. Some systems allow a third sex category for those who don't want to be legally identified as female or male, either because they have an intersex condition, or because they claim to have a [[gender identity]] that is [[non-binary]].

<gallery caption="Images (click to enlarge)" perrow=2 widths=300px heights=400px>
File:Sex Explained by DrFondOfBeetles.jpg | A very long Twitter thread by @DrFondOfBeetles in which we see binary sex across a wide spectrum of species.
File:Sex Explained by NastySmurfette.jpg | A handy graphic by @NastySmurfette which might further clear up your confusion.
</gallery>

== Links ==

* https://twitter.com/FondOfBeetles/status/1133120326844506112
* https://twitter.com/NastySmurfette/status/1123635007615115264



[[pt:Sexo]]

Transgender ideology

2020-03-10T18:10:26Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Transgender ideology refers to world views that are supposed to uphold transgender rights, but often end up supporting sexism and homophobia instead.
}}
'''Transgender ideology''' is a loose catch-all term referring to philosophies, world views, and dogmatic statements adhered to by political activists who see themselves as trying to uphold the human rights of [[transgender]] people. The political movement of furthering these ideologies is called the '''transgender movement'''.

The practice of supporting transgender ideology is called '''transgender activism''' (often shortened '''trans activism''') and a person who follows this practice is called a '''transgender activist''' (often shortened '''trans activist'''). The word "transgender" in the phrase "transgender activist" is not to be understood as an adjective for the person in question (i.e. "an activist who happens to be transgender") but as a reference to the activism they practice (i.e. "an activist supporting transgender ideology"). Many trans activists are not transgender themselves.

Feminists tend to use the term ''transgender ideology'' with a critical tone when pointing out sexist, homophobic, or otherwise problematic aspects of the transgender movement. Those who support the movement tend to oppose the term, likening it to the phrase ''homosexual agenda'', which is used to ascribe sinister intent to gay/lesbian/bisexual rights activists. Indeed, right-wing and Christian organizations heavily use the term ''transgender ideology'' in their publications critical of the movement, however their reasons for opposing it tend to be radically different than those of feminists.

The term '''trans rights activist''' (shortened '''TRA''') is sometimes used for its similarity to ''men's rights activist'' (shortened ''MRA''). Just like so-called MRAs claim to support men's human rights but end up blaming everything on women and opposing feminism, TRAs claim to support transgender human rights but end up blaming everything on women and opposing feminism.

== Aspects ==

=== Trans women are women ===

One of the core dogmata of the transgender movement is the statement that '''trans women are women''' (and the less often repeated ''trans men are men'').<ref name=fc-hendley/> Under this view it's important to write ''trans woman'' as two words (adjective and noun) and not ''transwoman'', to stress the fact that so-called trans women are literally a subtype of women, just like white women, black women, short women, tall women, and so on. The statement "trans women are women" is not meant as a vague slogan of moral support, but in a literal sense.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=stonewall/>

Since the statement contradicts the dictionary definition of the word "woman" (adult human [[sex|female]]), it implies that a different definition would be better. When asked about this, transgender activists usually avoid providing an actual definition. Most attempts tend to revolve around a circular definition, such as "anyone who identifies as a woman, is a woman." As such, the statement "trans women are women" is probably best described as a dogma.

The idea that transwomen are literally women is taken as the basis for many problematic conclusions, such as: transwomen deserve to partake in women's sports,<ref name=businessinsider/> transwomen should be seen as part of the natural dating pool of lesbians (see also [[cotton ceiling]]),<ref name=yardley/> transwomen deserve to use all female facilities, enter female-only spaces and events, speak on women's rights as women, and so on.<ref name=stonewall/>

=== Gender identity ===

The idea that "trans women are women" is usually backed by a belief in an essential, inborn, and immutable "gender identity" that every person supposedly possesses.<ref name=genderspectrum/> Transwomen are said to be real women on the grounds that they possess a "female gender identity" which they are said to share with women. Likewise for transmen and a "male gender identity" that is supposedly shared by all men.

Just like transgender activists refuse to provide an objective definition of womanhood, they tend to refuse defining gender identity on any objective terms. Usually, when explaining how a person has discovered their gender identity, one hears references to sexist stereotypes ascribed to womanhood and manhood. When confronted directly however, transgender activists refuse the notion that gender identity is based entirely on those stereotypes. Since no objective measure exists at all, they are effectively forced to accept the claims of anyone and everyone regarding what their gender identity is. Thus we see transwomen with full beards and intact male anatomy, who are said to be literally real women like any other.<ref name=hufpo-drummond/><ref name=vice-mtftop/>

=== Transgender children ===

Since gender identity is said to be inborn, it follows that some children would be transgender, and only need to find this out. Once it's found out, the only way forward is to support the child in its transgender identification. This leads to the transgender activist "affirm-only" approach towards youth, where for instance a boy who says "I wish I was a girl" or "I'm actually a girl" is from that point on treated as if the child is literally a girl. (Given a female name, referred to by female pronouns, asked to be considered a girl by others, and so on.) Likewise for girls who express that they wish they were a boy, or claim that they are internally a boy. Trans activists are opposed to the alternative "watchful waiting" approach.

The trans activist affirm-only approach has been supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics.<ref name=nytimes-aap/> Parents concerned over this model of treatment published a long criticism and launched a petition reaching 1,200 signatures.<ref name=4thwave/> Psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cantor James Cantor] also published a fact-check article criticizing the AAP's decision.<ref name=cantor/>

Trans activists usually support giving [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty_blocker puberty blocking] medication such as Lupron to children who think they are transgender.<ref name=nytimes-aap/> These children may be as young as 10 years old.<ref name=transtrend/>

=== Cisgender people oppress transgender people ===

Another core tenet of transgender ideology is the notion that [[cisgender]] people oppress transgender people, just like how men oppress women, white Americans oppress black Americans, or how straight people oppress gay men and lesbian women.<ref name=cissexism/><ref name=transmisogyny/> As such, when a man identifies as a transwoman, his position relative to that of a woman turns from being her oppressor to someone who is oppressed by her. His male privilege is denied as he is now considered a woman, and the fact that he is a ''transgender'' woman means that he is oppressed by so-called ''cisgender'' women. Further, being both a woman and transgender means he is considered to suffer under two axes of oppression, akin to how black women suffer both from racism and sexism. This way, a white man suddenly becomes comparable to a black woman with regards to oppressive power dynamics in society.

As per the principle of ''intersectionality'' (appropriated from [[black feminism]]), transgender activists often say that the feminist movement should not only include transwomen's concerns, but outright center them in many discussions, as otherwise the feminist movement might fail to sufficiently address their concerns.

=== Collusion with "sex work" activism ===

For reasons not entirely clear, many if not most transgender activists also seem to support the "sex work" movement.<ref name=fc-bindel/> Possible explanations for this collusion might be:

* Both movements stem from ''queer ideology'', which is based on ''transgression'' of social norms without regard to ethical concerns
* The transgender movement being dominated by [[Autogynephilia|autogynephilic]] men who are interested in upholding a society in which women exist for male sexual pleasure
* Anti-feminists supporting both the transgender movement and the "sex work" movement, simply because they see both of them as weapons against women's liberation

== See also ==

* [[Gender]]
* [[Cisgender]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Autogynephilia]]

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=fc-hendley>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2019/04/10/i-supported-trans-ideology-until-i-couldnt-anymore/
|title=I supported trans ideology until I couldn’t anymore
|author=Alicia Hendley
|date=April 10, 2019
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=nytimes>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/opinion/trans-women-feminism.html
|title=Who Counts as a Woman?
|author=Carol Hay
|date=April 1, 2019
|website=The New York Times
}}
</ref>

<ref name=stonewall>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/truth-about-trans
|title=The truth about trans
|website=Stonewall
}}
</ref>

<ref name=businessinsider>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.businessinsider.de/what-critics-get-wrong-about-transgender-athletes-in-womens-sports-2019-4
|title=The biggest thing critics continually get wrong about transgender athletes competing in women's sports
|author=Alan Dawson
|date=April 17, 2019
|website=Business Insider
}}
</ref>

<ref name=yardley>
{{cite web
|url=https://medium.com/@mirandayardley/girl-dick-the-cotton-ceiling-and-the-cultural-war-on-lesbians-and-women-c323b4789368
|title=Girl Dick, the Cotton Ceiling and the Cultural War on Lesbians and Women
|author=Miranda Yardley
|date=December 9, 2018
|website=Medium.com
}}
</ref>

<ref name=genderspectrum>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.genderspectrum.org/quick-links/understanding-gender/
|title=Understanding Gender
|website=Gender Spectrum
|quote=According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “By age four, most children have a stable sense of their gender identity.” This core aspect of one’s identity comes from within each of us. Gender identity is an inherent aspect of a person’s make-up. Individuals do not choose their gender, nor can they be made to change it.
}}
</ref>

<ref name=transtrend>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.transgendertrend.com/puberty-blockers/
|title=Puberty blockers
|website=Transgender Trend
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hufpo-drummond>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/meet-the-trans-woman-queering-gender-with-her-full-beard_n_55affb34e4b0a9b948538d24
|title=This Incredible Trans Woman Is Challenging The Way We Think About Gender
|date=July 25, 2015
|author=James Michael Nichols
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vice-mtftop>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kzd8yx/how-transgender-women-top-during-sex
|title=The Ins and Outs of Topping as a Trans Girl
|date=January 29, 2019
|author=Sessi Kuwabara Blanchard
}}
</ref>

<ref name=nytimes-aap>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/well/family/helping-pediatricians-care-for-transgender-children.html
|title=Helping Pediatricians Care for Transgender Children
|author=Perri Klass
|date=October 15, 2018
|website=The New York Times
}}
</ref>

<ref name=4thwave>
{{cite web
|url=https://4thwavenow.com/2018/10/29/parents-petition-american-academy-of-pediatrics-in-response-to-policy-statement-on-trans-identified-youth/
|title=Parents petition American Academy of Pediatrics in response to policy statement on trans-identified youth
|date=October 29, 2018
|website=4thWaveNow
}}
</ref>

<ref name=cantor>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.sexologytoday.org/2018/10/american-academy-of-pediatrics-policy.html
|title=American Academy of Pediatrics policy and trans- kids: Fact-checking
|author=James Cantor
|date=October 17, 2018
|website=Sexology Today!
}}
</ref>

<ref name=cissexism>
{{cite web
|url=https://everydayfeminism.com/2014/03/everyday-cissexism/
|title=3 Examples of Everyday Cissexism
|author=Sian Ferguson
|date=March 21, 2014
|website=Everyday Feminism
}}
</ref>

<ref name=transmisogyny>
{{cite web
|url=https://everydayfeminism.com/2014/01/transmisogyny/
|title=Transmisogyny 101: What It Is and What Can We Do About It
|author=Laura Kacere
|date=January 27, 2014
|website=Everyday Feminism
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-bindel>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/02/pact-trans-rights-advocates-sex-trade-lobby/
|title=The pact between trans rights advocates and the sex trade lobby
|author=Julie Bindel
|date=October 2, 2017
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

</references>



[[pt:Ideologia transgênero]]

Autogynephilia

2020-03-06T20:04:21Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Autogynephilia is the fetishization of the idea of being female, usually based on sexist stereotypes.
}}
The term '''autogynephilia''' (''auto'' for self, ''gyne'' for female, ''philia'' for desire, often shortened '''AGP''') refers to a psychological condition in which a man (usually heterosexual) derives sexual or even "romantic" pleasure from the fantasy of being female. The term was coined by psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Blanchard Ray Blanchard] after working with and studying many transsexual patients.

While not being the only reason for wanting to become a male-to-female (MtF) transsexual or claiming to "identify as a woman," autogynephilia seems to be exhibited by a great deal of transwomen. According to a 2015 survey of roughly 3000 American transwomen, at least 60% stated attraction to women, meaning they are heterosexual males.<ref name=ntdsreport/> According to Ray Blanchard's studies, this would put them in the autogynephilic category, as homosexual transsexuals (HSTS) generally don't exhibit AGP.

Feminists are often critical of men openly exhibiting AGP and find them offensive, especially if they claim to be women, since their fantasy of being female usually seems to be based on highly sexist, objectifying, and reductive notions of womanhood.

Transgender activists claim that the concept is a transphobic myth, as it asserts that non-homosexual transsexuals are essentially under the effect of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia paraphilia], or more bluntly a sexual fetish. They insist on the monolithic "female gender identity" theory to explain all MtF transsexualism and transgender identification, seeing woman-attracted transwomen as "trans lesbians" who should be accepted as being just like any other lesbian woman.

The phenomenon of AGP can be observed easily on the internet by searching for web forums dedicated to the paraphilia. Searching for terms like "sissy fetish forum" quickly turns up whole internet communities for AGP and similar fetishes, where some of these communities have an explicit focus on transgender topics, or sub-sections dedicated to members who desire to transition.<ref name=clubsissify/><ref name=houseofsissify/><ref name=novagirl/>

== History ==

Miranda Yardley wrote in detail about the history of autogynephilia as a concept: [https://medium.com/@mirandayardley/a-history-of-autogynephilia-7fc31e385436 ''A History of Autogynephilia - Miranda Yardley'']

The following section is taken from Yardley's piece.

=== The Two Type Model of Transsexualism ===

The identification of an erotic component to transsexualism goes back to the early twentieth century where the existence of what was described as an ‘automonosexual streak’ amongst transvestites was discussed:

<blockquote>
…the experience shows that this automonosexual streak, just like the homosexual streak, isn’t the same for every transvestite. There are many for whom the simple changing of clothes isn’t enough to cause erotic feelings and just see it as a way of bringing their feminine inner side to the outer world. I knew those, who were already content if they were able to go for a walk as a woman from time to time. During the walk they never had erections nor ejaculations nor the desire to have any sexual intercourse, be it with male or female persons. One could say they are asexual.<ref name=hirshfeld18/><ref>See also Hirshfeld, M 1923: ‘Die intersexuelle Konstitution’. Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen. 23: 3 – 27</ref>
</blockquote>

The existence of two discrete types of transsexual, differentiated by sexual orientation and age was hypothesised by Buhrich in 1978, which also conjectured why transsexualism was observed to be more common in males than females:

<blockquote>
The results of this study indicate that they can be differentiated into two clinically discrete groups. In an investigation of 29 transsexuals who sought a change of sex operation it was found that those who had experienced fetishistic arousal were significantly more likely to be older, to have experienced heterosexual intercourse, to be married and to show penile responses to pictures of men and women indicative of a more heterosexual orientation. They had less experience of homosexual contact to orgasm as compared transsexuals who had not experienced fetishistic arousal , but this difference was not statistically significant. Frequency of cross-dressing, strength of feminine gender identity and intensity of desire for a sex change operation did not discriminate the two groups. The fact that desire for a sex change operation may be associated with experience of fetishistic arousal could be one reason for the higher incidence transsexualism in men than in women.<ref name=buhrich78/>
</blockquote>

In a later paper, Buhrich and McConaghy went as far as to suggest there were three distinct classes of fetishistic transvestite:

<blockquote>
“nuclear” transvestites who are limited to cross-dressing;

“marginal” transvestites who wish for hormonal feminisation or surgery; and

“fetishistic transsexuals” who demonstrate fetishistic arousal but as transsexuals seek sex reassignment surgery.<ref name=buhrich79/><ref>Compare to the following tweet from sexologist Ray Blanchard @BlanchardPHD “Some autogynephiles have no gender dysphoria, some mild-moderate, and some severe. I support sex reassignment surgery for the last group.” 14 February 2017</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1985, sexologist Ray Blanchard used a larger sample size and confirmed the observation that there exists a fundamental difference between homosexual transsexuals (homosexual males romantically and sexually attracted to males) and non-homosexual transsexuals (which includes heterosexual, bisexual and asexual transsexuals):

<blockquote>
This study tested a prediction derived from the hypothesis that asexual and bisexual transsexualism are actually subtypes of heterosexual transsexualism… (a) cluster analysis of their scores divided the subjects into four groups: heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and asexual… there were no differences among the asexual, bisexual, and heterosexual transsexuals, and all three groups included a much higher proportion of fetishistic cases than the homosexual group… these findings support the view that male transsexuals may be divided into two basic types: heterosexual and homosexual.<ref name=blanchard85/>
</blockquote>

Together, these papers teach us that transsexuals may be grouped into homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals, and that the latter group appears to contain a number of subtypes which could be taken to correspond to an ordinal degree of fetishistic transvestisism. These observations are supported by empirical evidence; the difference is manifest in “a much higher proportion of fetishistic cases than the homosexual group” and so Blanchard confirms the identification of two types of male transsexual, who are differentiated by sexual orientation, with one group displaying a fetishistic, or paraphilic history.

Blanchard became a key figure in the history of investigation into transsexualism a few years later where he attempted to impart some meaning and rigor into the terminology surrounding the taxonomy of transsexuals, as part of systematic study into this phenomena, he coined the term “autogynephilia” as a clearer description of something that had hitherto been described as part of automonosexualism. This is what has become known as “Blanchard’s transsexual typology” or the “two-type transsexual typography”:

<blockquote>
Gender identity disturbance in males is always accompanied by one of two erotic anomalies. All gender dysphoric males who are not sexually oriented toward men are instead sexually oriented toward the thought or image of themselves as women. The latter erotic (or amatory) propensity is, of course, the phenomenon labeled by Hirschfeld as automonosexualism. Because of the inconsistent history of this term, however, and its nondescriptive derivation, the writer would prefer to replace it with the term autogynephilia (“love of oneself as a woman”).<ref name=blanchard89/>
</blockquote>

It should be noted that the use of the expression “erotic anomalies” is used in a morally neutral context, to describe sexual acts that are inherently non-procreative, rather than being a pejorative expression.

Key to the concept of autogynephilia is that it’s not something that is always on the mind, nor is it something that is confined solely to cross-dressing:

<blockquote>
It should be noted that the concept of autogynephilia does not imply that autogynephilic males are always sexually aroused by the thought of themselves as women, or by dressing in women’s clothes, or by contemplating themselves cross-dressed in the mirror – any more than a man in love always obtains an erection at the sight of his sweetheart, or pair-bonded geese copulate continuously. Autogynephilia, according to this hypothesis, may be manifested in a variety of ways, and fetishistic cross-dressing is only one of them. Those individuals labeled transvestites by contemporary clinicians would, on this view, be understood as autogynephiles whose only -or most prominent -symptom is sexual arousal in association with cross-dressing, and who have not (or not yet) become gender dysphoric.<ref name=blanchard89/>
</blockquote>

Classifying this behaviour in terms that lie outside of transvestic fetishism allowed Blanchard to apply his systematic study to a wider spectrum of behaviour observed within transsexuals, and he explained the etymology of this word based upon “a male’s propensity to be sexually aroused by the thought or image of himself as a female”.<ref name=blanchard91/>

He then identifies four different types of autogynephilic behaviour, which may exist in any combination: physiological, behavioural, anatomical and transvestic fetishist:

<blockquote>
Autogynephilic fantasies and behaviors may focus on the idea of exhibiting female physiologic functions, of engaging in stereotypically feminine behavior, of possessing female anatomic structures, or of dressing in women’s apparel. The last-mentioned class of fantasies and behaviors represents the familiar form of autogynephilia, transvestism. All four types of autogynephilia tend to occur in combination with other types rather than alone.<ref name=blanchard91/>
</blockquote>

Blanchard provides a typological framework for researchers to model or systematically analyse the behaviours of male transsexuals that separates these into homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals, the latter who tend to be autogynephilic exhibiting one or more types of paraphilic behaviours. Blanchard has compared these paraphilic behaviours to a sexual orientation.<ref name=blanchard93/>

The homosexual transsexuals are what one may consider the more ‘classic’ popular image of the transsexual, with the non-homosexual transsexuals making lives that encompass successful careers as men as well and marriages and children, before transitioning later in life.<ref name=lawrence04/>

It is important to understand that the homosexual transsexual and the non-homosexual transsexual have different lives and experiences, although there is commonality in they are both transsexual, and as Lawrence refers to above similar levels of experienced gender dysphoria. In his 2003 book ‘The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism’, psychologist J Michael Bailey explains:

<blockquote>
Two different types of men change their sex. To anyone who examines them closely, they are quite dissimilar, in their histories, their motivations, their degree of femininity, their demographics, and even the way they look. We know little about the causes of either type of transsexualism (though we have some good hunches about one type). But I am certain that when we finally do understand, the causes of the two types will be completely different.

To anyone who has seen members of both types and who has learned to ask the right kinds of questions, it is easy to tell them apart. Yet the difference has eluded virtually everyone who cares about transsexuals: talk show hosts, journalists, most people who evaluate and treat them, and even most academics who have studied them. One reason is that the superficial similarity of the two types is so striking – both are men, usually dressed and attempting to act like women, who want to replace their penises with vaginas – that it prevents us from noticing more subtle, though also more fundamental, differences. Another reason is that the two types of transsexuals rarely show up side by side, where they would be easily distinguishable… The most interesting reason why most people do not realize that there are two types of transsexuals is that members of one type sometimes misrepresent themselves as members of the other. I will get more specific later, but for now, it is enough to say that they are often silent about their true motivation and instead tell stories about themselves that are misleading and, in important respects, false.

From soon after birth, the homosexual male-to-female transsexual behaves and feels like a girl. Unlike most feminine boys… these transsexuals do not outgrow, or learn to hide, their femininity. Instead, they decide that the drastic step of changing their sex is preferable. They unambiguously desire and love men, especially heterosexual men, whom they can attract only as women… one type of transsexual man is a kind of homosexual man…

Honest and open autogynephilic transsexuals reveal a much different pattern. They were not especially feminine boys. The first overt manifestation of what led to their transsexualism was typically during early adolescence, when they secretly dressed in their mothers’ or sisters’ lingerie, looked at themselves in the mirror, and masturbated. This activity continued into adulthood, and sexual fantasies became increasingly transsexual – especially the fantasy of having a vulva, perhaps being penetrated by a penis. Autogynephilic transsexuals might declare attraction to women or men, to both, or to neither. But their primary attraction is to the women that they would become.<ref name=bailey03/>
</blockquote>

Bailey’s interpretation of the motivation to change sex of homosexual transsexuals is to attract heterosexual men; we could consider given the choice in a homophobic society of living as a feminine gay man or as a woman, the homosexual transsexual may opt for the latter. While identifying the autogynephile’s motivation for many behavioural traits, he stops short of hypothesising why the autogynephile would transition; surely, the prospect of castration and removal of the penis would be an irrational course of action for someone whose sexual identity was so invested in this? This, however, would be based on the misconception that autogynephilia is exclusively erotic. Anne Lawrence suggested the autogynephile’s motivation may be compared to romantic love with elements of attachment:

<blockquote>
…purely erotic aspects of autogynephilia have received the greatest emphasis, while the aspects related to “amatory propensity,” “sexual orientation,” and “love” have received comparatively little. Love has been conspicuously absent in most discussions of autogynephilia, whether by its advocates or by its critics… individuals are often especially inclined to seek out passionate love experiences, or to allow themselves the possibility of entering into them, in middle age and in times of crisis. This is consistent with the life histories of many, if not most, nonhomosexual MtF transsexuals, who tend to seek sex reassignment in their 40s or later, sometimes in association with a midlife crisis … (t)heir decision to undergo sex reassignment is not uncommonly preceded by some significant loss or reversal, such as unemployment, physical disability, or the end of an important relationship… (f)or individuals who experience autogynephilia, deciding to become what one loves can represent an attempt to cope with adverse life circumstances, just as deciding to pursue a love affair with another person can for individuals with more conventional sexual orientations… the process of changing one’s body and living as a woman offers an identity, a program of action, and a purpose in life<ref name=lawrence03/>
</blockquote>

== Role in transgender activism ==

The misogyny of transgender activism is sometimes hypothesized to be rooted in the movement being controlled to a large degree by autogynephilic transwomen. Since they are originally (or arguably still) straight men and tend to transition in adulthood, often after having established powerful positions in life, it would follow that they have enough privilege and feelings of entitlement to dominate the discourse of the transgender movement. Their reductive view on womanhood, and again their feelings of male entitlement, would in turn explain why they would steer the movement in such a sexist direction and lash out at feminists who don't follow suit.

Transgender activists themselves vehemently oppose the idea that AGP is a real phenomenon at all, calling it a transphobic myth. In her book [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s_Middle_Finger Galileo's Middle Finger], Alice Dreger talks about the witch hunt J. Michael Bailey was subjected to by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Conway Lynn Conway] and fellow transgender activists for having popularized the concept.<ref name=galileo/>

<blockquote>
Conway developed what became an enormous Web site hosted by the University of Michigan for the purpose of taking down Bailey and his ideas [and] that largely enabled me to figure out what [Conway] had really done and how Bailey had essentially been set up in an effort to shut him up about autogynephilia.
</blockquote>

Dreger wrote that some activists had turned their horror at Bailey's findings into a very public vendetta against him and his family, including thinly veiled allegations that he sexually abused his children.<ref name=chronicle/> After researching the allegations against Bailey, she concluded that they were false. Moreover, Dreger observed:

<blockquote>
…the most interesting mail, from my perspective, came from trans women who wrote to tell me that, though they weren't thrilled with Bailey's oversimplifications of their lives, they also had been harassed and intimidated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_James Andrea James] for daring to speak anything other than the politically popular 'I was always just a woman trapped in a man's body' story. They thanked me for standing up to a bully.
</blockquote>

== References ==

<references>
<ref name=ntdsreport>[http://transequality.org/PDFs/NTDS_Report.pdf "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey"] (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 2015-01-21. p. 29.</ref>
<ref name=clubsissify>'''(Adult content)''' [https://www.clubsissy.com/forum/board.php?num=12 ''Club Sissy - SRS/Hormones/TS'']</ref>
<ref name=houseofsissify>'''(Adult content)''' [https://www.sissify.com/ ''House of Sissify - "Strict sissy training & forced feminization for transgender sl*ts. Like you."'']</ref>
<ref name=novagirl>'''(Adult content)''' [https://novagirl.net/the-psychology-of-sissy-porn ''Why am I a sissy?''] ''"... I’m sure you are majority hetero with a minor kink NOW…and probably will be all your life, but a minority of sissies experience a fundamental shift in which the kink becomes something different and a transgender identity develops."''</ref>
<ref name=bailey03>
Bailey, J Michael. 2003. The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Joseph Henry Press.
</ref>
<ref name=blanchard85>
Blanchard, R. 1985. “Typology of male-to-female transsexualism.” Archives of Sexual Behaviour Jun;14(3): 247–61.
</ref>
<ref name=blanchard89>
Blanchard, R. 1989. “The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias.” Archives of Sexual Behaviour 18, 315 – 334.
</ref>
<ref name=blanchard91>
Blanchard, R. 1991. “Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia.” Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 17: 235–251
</ref>
<ref name=blanchard93>
Blanchard, R. 1993. “Partial versus complete autogynephilia and gender dysphoria.” Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 19: 301–307.
</ref>
<ref name=buhrich78>
Buhrich, N & McConaghy, N. 1978. “Two clinically discrete syndromes of transsexualism.” British Journal of Psychiatry Jul;133 p73–6.
</ref>
<ref name=buhrich79>
Buhrich, N & McConaghy, N. 1979. “Three clinically discrete categories of fetishistic transvestism.” Archives of Sexual Behaviour Volume 8, Number 2.
</ref>
<ref name=hirshfeld18>
Hirshfeld, M. 1918. Sexualpathologie Teil II 1918. Bonn: Marcus & Weber.
</ref>
<ref name=lawrence03>
Lawrence, A A. 2003. “Becoming What We Love.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine Vol50 No4; 506 – 20.
</ref>
<ref name=lawrence04>
Lawrence, A A. 2004. “Autogynephilia: A Paraphilic Model of Gender Identity Disorder.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 8(1/2), 69–87.
</ref>
<ref name=galileo>{{cite book |last=Dreger |first=Alice |date=2015 |title=Galileo's Middle Finger: Heretics, Activists, and the Search for Justice in Science |ISBN=9781594206085 }}</ref>
<ref name=chronicle>[http://chronicle.com/article/Reluctant-Crusader/228377/ Reluctant Crusader: Why Alice Dreger’s writing on sex and science makes liberals so angry]</ref>
</references>



[[pt:Autoginefilia]]

Magdalen Berns

2020-03-06T20:03:48Z

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'''Magdalen Berns''' (6 May 1983 – 13 September 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2019/09/13/whats-current-lesbian-feminist-shero-magdalen-berns-passes-away-at-36/ |title=What's Current: Lesbian feminist shero Magdalen Berns passes away at 36 |publisher=Feministcurrent.com |date=September 13, 2019 }}</ref> was a British software developer and YouTuber. Berns, a [[lesbian]] and [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]], came to prominence as a result of a series of YouTube vlogs focusing on lesbian politics, free speech, women's sex-based rights and the [[gender identity]] debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvTTakI97sQ4SkMnsH8r0qQ |title=Magdalen Berns |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Education ===

Berns attended the University of Edinburgh, where she was a recipient of a Doris Gray Scholarship Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wes.org.uk/content/current-recipients-doris-gray-scholarships |title=Current recipients of the Doris Gray Scholarships |publisher=[[Women's Engineering Society]] |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>

=== Work and career ===

In 2013–2014, she participated in the ''Google Summer of Code'' programme,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/SciRuby/sciruby/wiki/Google-Summer-of-Code-2018-Application |title=Google Summer of Code 2018 Application |publisher=Github |date=January 2018 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> working on implementing the ''FFTW3'' software library for the Ruby programming language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sciruby.com/blog/2014/06/04/introducing-the-fftw-sciruby-gsoc-project/ |title=Introducing the FFTW SciRuby GSoC Project |publisher=SciRuby.com |date=June 4, 2014 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> She went on to join the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Foundation GNOME Foundation] as a software developer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgsiegel.net/talks/gnome-outreach-yearbook-2013.pdf |title=GNOME Outreach Program Yearbook 2013 |publisher=GNOME Foundation |date=August 2013 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> She developed the Java ATK Wrapper, a module to translate Swing (Java) events for the Accessibility Toolkit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gnome.org/news/2015/08/pictures-from-guadec-2015/attachment/magdalen-berns-present-her-work-with-improving-the-java-atk-wrapper/ |title=Magdalen Berns present her work with improving the Java-ATK-Wrapper |publisher=GNOME Foundation |date=August 2015 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>

=== Radical feminism ===

Berns' statement that "there's no such thing as a lesbian with a penis" made her well-known, as well as her opposition to the "cotton ceiling”, a term coined by Canadian [[transwoman]] and activist Drew DeVeaux, which refers to the perceived injustice of lesbians not wanting to have sex with transwomen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/571815-celebrating-magdalen-berns-a-lesbian-feminist-warrior |title=Celebrating Magdalen Berns, a Lesbian Feminist Warrior |publisher=Afterellen.com |date=May 29, 2018 |access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@mirandayardley/girl-dick-the-cotton-ceiling-and-the-cultural-war-on-lesbians-and-women-c323b4789368 |title=The Cotton Ceiling and the Cultural War on Lesbians and Women |publisher=medium.com |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>

Berns was slurred by [[Transgender ideology|trans activists]] as a [[TERF|trans-exclusionary radical feminist]], and has stated that it was this accusation that first led her to research radical feminism. She was also known for her arguments against the concepts of gender self-identification and [[gender]] itself. Speaking on the subject of gender and sexuality, Berns stated: "You don’t get ‘assigned’ reproductive organs.....males are defined by their biological sex organs. Likewise, [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]] are people who are attracted to the same [[Sex|biological sex]].”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://feministlegal.org/scotlands-magdalen-berns-feminism-a-shero-among-women/#.XX5zTShKjIU |title=Scotland’s Magdalen Berns & Feminism — A ‘Shero’ Among Women |publisher=feministlegal.org |date=September 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> In June 2019, British author J.K. Rowling (of Harry Potter fame) followed Magdalen Berns on Twitter, bringing her more visibility and prompting criticism towards Rowling from trans activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indy100.com/article/jk-rowling-twitter-transphobe-magdalen-berns-terf-lgbt-8974041 |title=JK Rowling criticised for following 'transphobe' Magdalen Berns on Twitter |publisher=indy100 |date=June 25, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.altpress.com/news/j-k-rowling-transphobic-behavior/ |title=J.K. Rowling Faces Backlash For Allegedly Displaying Transphobic Behaviour |publisher=altpress.com |date=June 28, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> Berns was labelled a [[transphobia|transphobe]] and a self-professed transphobe.<ref>{{cite web |author=Narjas Zatat |date=June 25, 2019 |title= JK Rowling criticised for following a 'famous transphobe' on Twitter |url= https://www.indy100.com/article/jk-rowling-twitter-transphobe-magdalen-berns-terf-lgbt-8974041 |website= Indy100 (from The Independent) |access-date= 15 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Emma Maurice |date=June 25, 2019 |title= JK Rowling under fire for following a ‘proud transphobe’ on Twitter |url= https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/06/25/jk-rowling-under-fire-following-transphobe-twitter/ |website= Pink News |access-date= 15 September 2019}}</ref> In August 2019, Dr. [[Rachel McKinnon]] of the College of Charleston attracted criticism after describing the celebration of Berns' impending death as "ethically justified" in light of Berns' positions on gender.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/the-tweet-heard-round-the-world-charleston-professor-sparks-global/article_4a462cda-c9c7-11e9-8134-d32dc721835d.html |title=The tweet heard 'round the world: Charleston professor sparks global Twitter debate |publisher=Evening Post Industries |website=The Post and Courier |date=August 29, 2019 |access-date=2019-09-15 |author=Jenna Schiferl}}</ref>

=== Health and death ===

Berns was diagnosed with a glioblastoma (aggressive brain cancer) in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-brCJkXxzaM|title=My ladybrain update #2}}</ref> Notably, Irish comedy writer [[Graham Linehan]] voiced vocal support for Berns on Twitter and other platforms,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Linehan|first1=Graham|title=Magdalen Berns 1983–2019|url=https://glinner.co.uk/stunning-and-brave-magdalen-berns-1983-2019/|website=Glinner|date=September 13, 2019}}</ref> and visited her in palliative care. She was also visited by fellow radical feminist activists [[Julie_Bindel|Julie Bindel]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/bindelj/status/1171341052109873152 |author=@bindelj ([[Julie Bindel]]) |date=September 10, 2019|title=I am visiting our Queen, Magdalen Berns tomorrow. I would be delighted to pass on any messages of love and appreciation to her if you would like to send me in a (short) DM? Thank you x |website=Twitter }}</ref> and [[Rachel Moran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RachelRMoran/status/1172459990570938368 |author=@RachelRMoran ([[Rachel Moran]]) |date=September 13, 2019|title=I just feel so lucky to have been able to spend time with Magdalen the two weekends before she died. If people could see the carry-on in that hospice room there would be peals of laughter. She was absolutely her feisty determined self to the very end. Rest well little Sister, xxx |website=Twitter }}</ref>
She died on 13 September 2019, aged 36 in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2019/09/13/whats-current-lesbian-feminist-shero-magdalen-berns-passes-away-at-36/ |title=What's Current: Lesbian feminist shero Magdalen Berns passes away at 36 |publisher=Feministcurrent.com |date=September 13, 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvTTakI97sQ4SkMnsH8r0qQ Official YouTube Page]



[[pt:Magdalen Berns]]

Gender

2020-03-05T19:36:40Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Feminists see gender as a socially constructed system used to oppress women.
}}
The word ''gender'', originating from the Latin ''genus'' (sort, kind) has gained several meanings over the centuries and especially during the past decades. Significant debate exists between ideological groups that wish to highlight the importance of one particular definition of the word.

The words ''feminine'' and ''masculine'' are usually associated with concepts of gender, as opposed to the words ''female'' and ''male'' which more commonly relate to [[sex]], though all of these words and concepts are frequently conflated by the general public.

== Original definitions ==

=== Grammatical gender ===

Older and mostly non-political definitions of gender include ''grammatical gender'', which is merely the division of certain words in some languages among two or more categories to highlight a (presumed) gender of the object, or lack thereof. This gendering of words is sometimes applied rather nonsensically, such as in German and French, where all sorts of inanimate objects from furniture all the way to planets are accorded a gender, whereas some truly sex-specific words can surprisingly have a neutral gender, such as ''mädchen'', the German word for "girl", which is accorded a neutral gender despite the words "woman", "boy" and "man" being gendered in accordance with the human sex they correspond to. References to grammatical gender seem to date back to the 14th century.

The words ''feminine'' and ''masculine'' are often used to refer to grammatical genders, although terms such as ''female pronouns'' and ''male pronouns'' are also commonly used to refer to grammatical constructs.

=== Synonym to sex ===

Another old and mostly non-political definition of gender is as a synonym to [[sex]], i.e. the categorization of an organism with respect to its role in binary reproduction. This use of the word is popular presumably because of the vulgar connotations the word "sex" might be perceived to have. The use of "gender" as a synonym for "sex" seems to date back all the way to the 15th century, and can be found even in academic texts which clearly deal with a strictly biology-based reproductive categorization of organisms.

Similar to the use of gender to mean sex, the words "feminine" and "masculine" are also sometimes used as close approximations of "female" and "male". In biology, it is not uncommon to hear terms such as "feminization" or "masculinization" when referring to anatomic developments associated with the female and male sexes. As another example, the euphemism ''feminine hygiene products'' is often used to refer to menstrual hygiene products, even though they clearly relate to the female sex.

=== Recent changes ===

In the 1950s, psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money John Money] began introducing alternative definitions of ''gender'' in his texts, in particular terms such as ''gender role'' and ''gender identity''. This might be the origin of the understanding of ''gender as a social construct'', although Money's theories are not necessarily compatible with contemporary interpretations of this concept.

What is meant with ''gender as a social construct'' is the realization that words such as "woman" and "man" (also "girl" and "boy") do not merely induce thoughts of just any human that happens to be anatomically female or male. Rather, upon hearing these words (or their translation to one's native language), one is likely to imagine a person who not only belongs to a certain anatomic sex category, but also fulfills certain expectations with regard to clothing, speech, behavior, and so on. For instance, upon hearing "woman", one is more likely to think of a person with long hair and perhaps a dress, even though both of these "gender markers" have no relation to female anatomy. (Male humans can also grow long hair, and wear dresses.) These gender markers/expectations differ from culture to culture and across history, and include many aspects with no relation to sexual anatomy. As such, they are understood to constitute a ''social construct'' of gender, that is separate from the anatomical facts of being female or male.

Onwards from the point of recognizing gender as a social construct, at least two competing theories regarding the deeper nature of gender have evolved: gender as a tool of sex-based oppression, and gender as an innate identity.

In relation to these developments, the words "feminine" and "masculine" have likewise taken on meanings that more strongly emphasize the stereotyping aspect of the social construct of gender. Femininity might refer to a personal style that includes long hair, dresses, the color pink, softer expressions, etc., whereas masculinity might refer to an opposite personal style.

== Gender as a tool of oppression ==

According to feminist theory, in particular second-wave radical feminism, the social construct of gender is more or less synonymous with sex-based roles and stereotypes imposed forcefully on women, which serve to keep intact their inferior position in a male-supremacist society. The personality traits associated with women are believed to be outright myths, or self-fulfilling prophecies that are established through the years-long socialization of female children into the role of a "proper girl" and later a woman. These personality traits ascribed to women and girls might include some positive aspects such as grace and kindness, but combined with the expectation of passivity and docileness they easily lead to a personality that makes it easy for men to exploit women's labor and bodies.

The feminist realization of gender as a social construct actually dates back to before John Money's use of the word in his works. In her 1949 book [https://files.feministwiki.org/index.php/s/gLErZgY99x6cRDx?path=%2FBooks%2FSimone%20de%20Beauvoir ''The Second Sex''], [[Simone de Beauvoir]] famously spoke of how ''one is not born, but becomes a woman''. (Volume II, Part One, Chapter 1) In the book, she elaborates on the ways in which societal forces lead persons born to the female sex to become "women" in the way society expects it. Although de Beauvoir might not have explicitly mentioned a "separation between sex and gender" as is commonly heard in feminist circles nowadays, or otherwise used the word "gender" in the way described here, her analysis nevertheless seems to cover the same concept.

[[File:Dworkin-root-cause-sexual-polarity.png|thumb|400px|''Our Blood'', chapter ''The Root Cause'', page 110]]

[[Andrea Dworkin]], in her book [https://files.feministwiki.org/index.php/s/gLErZgY99x6cRDx?path=%2FBooks%2FAndrea%20Dworkin ''Our Blood''], writes the following about the "system of gender polarity":

<blockquote>
“... I have made this distinction between truth and reality in order to enable me to say something very simple: '''that while the system of gender polarity is real, it is not true.''' It is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite, which are polar, which unite naturally and self-evidently into a harmonious whole. It is not true that the male embodies both positive and neutral human qualities and potentialities in contrast to the female who is female, according to Aristotle and all of male culture, “by virtue of a certain '''lack''' of qualities.” And once we do not accept the notion that men are positive and women are negative, we are essentially rejecting the notion that there are men and women at all. In other words, the system based on this polar model of existence is absolutely real; but the model itself is not true. We are living imprisoned inside a pernicious delusion, a delusion on which all reality as we know it is predicated.

In my view, those of us who are women inside this system of reality will never be free until the delusion of sexual polarity is destroyed and until the system of reality based on it is eradicated entirely from human society and from human memory. This is the notion of cultural transformation at the heart of feminism. This is the revolutionary possibility inherent in the feminist struggle. ...”
</blockquote>

A naive reading of both de Beauvoir and Dworkin can lead to a confusion where one is led to believe that their writings are in line with contemporary "gender identity" theory. Dworkin for instance writes that ''"it is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite"''. It's possible to give multiple interpretations to the clause "... which are discrete and opposite." Was she denying binary reproductive sex? Or was she merely countering the notion women and men are completely different, discrete, opposite creatures, way beyond their reproductive features? Both authors make extensive mention of female anatomy in relation to experiences of female oppression. For instance, in the very same chapter from which the aforementioned quote is taken, Dworkin speaks of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device IUDs] for female birth control, and of the clitoris as the source of female sexual pleasure. As such, the compatibility of her theory with contemporary gender identity theory is rather questionable. In none of Dworkin's or de Beauvoir's works is there a mention of a male-born person being or becoming a woman.

{{clear}}

== Gender as innate identity ==

''(This section needs elaboration.)''

Most transgender activists use ''gender'' to refer to a supposedly essential, inherent identity of human beings, which determines whether they are a "woman" or a "man" (or something else) without any relation to their reproductive capabilities.

Theories around this notion are often associated with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory queer theory] which in turn is based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralism post-structuralist philosophy]. Writings based on these ideologies tend to be rather difficult to understand (sometimes arguably in an attempt of the authors to sound more sophisticated than they are), and often have no completely clear conclusions. This might be why even among transgender activists, there seems to be no consensus on some questions one might think are of central importance, such as: is gender identity inborn and immutable, or is it a personal choice? If it's immutable, why do some people change their minds several times, and how can it be tested for objectively? If there are any objective measures of gender identity, what are they, if not an identification with sexist stereotypes of femininity or masculinity? For instance, is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria gender dysphoria] a necessary condition for being considered "truly" transgender? If it's rather based on purely subjective notions, how can it have an effect on objective, material systems of oppression that affect people starting from birth? If deciding that one has a "female gender identity" means that one has really always been a girl/woman, does that mean one never benefitted from male privilege, even after living 40+ years as a man? If a "female gender identity" already makes a person female, does that mean bodily changes are truly unnecessary? Does this mean that a tall, broad-shouldered person with a full beard, a deep voice, coarse body hair, and intact male genitals can nevertheless be considered a female person? Does this person then have a right to access female-only facilities and services without restriction?

The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.

== Recommended reading ==

* [https://sexandgenderintro.com/ Sex and Gender - A Beginner's Guide] by Rebecca Reilly-Cooper
* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/05/11/bill-c-16-misunderstands-gender-harms-women-patriarchy/ Bill C-16 misunderstands what gender is and how it harms women under patriarchy] by Meghan Murphy
* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/16/defending-the-terf-gender-as-political/ Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political] by C. K. Egbert



[[pt:Gênero]]

Lesbian

2020-03-01T17:50:55Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

A '''lesbian''' is a homosexual woman,<ref>https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100100998</ref> defined by her exclusively same-sex sexual and romantic attraction. According to a 2016 report released by the United States CDC National Center for Health Statistics, 1.3% of women aged 18-44 stated they were "homosexual, gay, or lesbian."<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr088.pdf</ref> In the United Kingdom, the Office for National Statistics in 2017 reported that 0.9% of women aged 16 or older identified as gay or lesbian.<ref>https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2017#a-higher-proportion-of-men-than-women-identify-as-gay-or-lesbian</ref>
 

== References ==
<references />



[[pt:Lésbica]]

TERF

2020-02-29T15:42:02Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = TERF is a slur used by transgender activists to debase anyone who criticizes their movement on the basis of feminist concerns.
}}
[[File:Terf-slur-02.png|thumb|300px|A typical tweet containing "terf"]]

The word ''TERF'' (or ''terf''; pl ''terfs'' or ''terves'') is a slur that is used predominantly by transgender activists and their allies against people who criticize the transgender movement on the basis of feminist concerns. Since the slur is used for people with feminist concerns, the main target tend to be women. As such, it's usually understood to be an anti-feminist, sexist and misogynist slur.

The word was invented as an acronym for ''Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist'', where the "trans-exclusionary" part referred to those holding roughly the position that transwomen should not be included under a feminist definition of womanhood, and the "radical feminist" part was meant neutrally, i.e. for people who would indeed describe themselves as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism radical feminists] in the true sense. Over time, the acronym pretty much became a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-letter_word four-letter word]. Nowadays the capitalization is frequently omitted, and the already ambiguous original meaning ignored entirely. Still, users of the term tend to claim that it's a neutral description. The "trans-exclusionary" part may now refer to anyone who thinks transwomen should not have unfettered access to all female-only spaces (e.g. changing rooms), should not partake in women's sports where they have [[Transwomen in women's sports|unfair advantages]], should not be considered a natural part of the lesbian dating pool, etc. Although most members of the public would see these as rather sensible positions, considering a "transwoman" may have intact male anatomy, transgender activists nevertheless see all of these types of "exclusion" as unacceptable.

A closely associated term is ''SWERF'', which is supposed to stand for ''Sex-Worker-Exclusionary Radical Feminist'' and is used for those who see the sex industry (prostitution, pornography, etc.) as highly exploitative and sexist. Like ''TERF'', the term is almost always applied as a slur, and to misrepresent the political position of the person it's used against. Ironically, some of those who have to face the term most commonly are women who worked in prostitution and became anti-prostitution activists as a result of their own experiences as so-called sex workers.

== History ==

=== Origin ===

The oldest known use of the term is by Viv Smythe aka "tigtog" in a blog post from 2008.<ref name=terf-origin/> She defended the term as late as 2018, in an article for The Guardian.<ref name=guardian-smythe/> Transgender activists frequently try to defend the term on the grounds that Viv Smythe is a woman who herself claims to be a radical feminist, and seems to have first used the term in a way that is not derogatory. Of course, the benign origins of a term does not mean that it cannot evolve into a slur.

=== Evolution towards hate speech ===

[[File:Mya-byrne-punches-terfs.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Totally not a slur!]]

The evolution of the term from 2008 into the early to mid 2010s is not well documented. Mostly, feminists had to face the term on social media, where it began to be used regularly to debase their position. In July 2014, [https://www.feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current] published two articles referencing the term. The first, written by C. K. Egbert and titled ''Defending the 'TERF': Gender as political'', explains and defends in length the political theory underlining the ideas supported by feminists who are slurred as "terf."<ref name=fc-egbert/> The second, written by [[Sarah Ditum]] and titled ''How 'TERF' works'', shortly analyses a situation in which a woman is pressured to retract a statement opposing violence against women, on the grounds that the statement originally stems from a feminist who is considered a "terf".<ref name=fc-ditum/> Since Feminist Current is highly acclaimed among radical-leaning feminists, its decision to support the women slurred with "terf" could be seen as a turning point.

In August 2014, Vice published an article titled ''I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll'' (subtitle: ''At least according to the 'Block Bot' I am'') by author Martin Robbins.<ref name=vice-robbins/> In the article, Robbins talks about how the "Block Bot" project on Twitter, which is supposed to help people avoid abusive trolls, has included feminist authors and journalists such as [[Caroline Criado-Perez]] and [[Helen Lewis]] among the people who should be blocked. Ironically, Lewis seems to have made it to the list for complaining about abusive trolls, as the "evidence" for the reason to ban her includes objections to tweets such as "kill TERFS", "burn TERFS", or hateful jokes such as "what's better than 1 dead terf? 2 dead terfs."

Another Feminist Current article defending those targeted with the slur was published in November 2015, written by [[Penny White]] and titled ''Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’''.<ref name=fc-white/> In the article, White explains how she herself used to be convinced that so-called "TERFs" are worthy of contempt, but changed her mind after starting to look closer into the issue. This experience seems to resonate with many women and some socially liberal men to this day, who start out being supportive of the transgender movement, only to start becoming skeptical after negative experiences and observations, ultimately leading them to be also labeled "terf" and shunned by transgender activists and their allies. After that, Feminist Current started publishing articles critical of the transgender movement with some frequency, much to the enragement of transgender activists.

In June 2017, transgender activist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_Byrne Mya Byrne] came to the San Francisco Pride Parade with a t-shirt reading "I PUNCH TERFS", decorated with a large fake blood-stain. Byrne uploaded a selfie of him wearing the t-shirt at the parade, captioned "This is what gay liberation looks like #pride #yesallterfs" which sparked many negative reactions.<ref name=fc-tra-violence/> The t-shirt would later be displayed at an "art exhibit" at the San Francisco Public Library, set up by the trans activist group ''The Degenderettes''. After complaints, the library removed the t-shirt from the exhibition, though similar items showcasing a violent mentality remained, such as baseball bats wrapped in barbed wire and painted in the colors of the transgender pride flag.<ref name=fc-tra-violence/>

[[File:Sonicfox.png|thumb|right|300px|Dominique McLean's tweet glorifying violence against women.]]

In April 2019, professional video gamer Dominique McLean aka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SonicFox SonicFox] uploaded a video on Twitter, captioned "what I do to terfs," in which a male video game character strikes a female character's neck so hard that her skin comes off, while the camera shows her agony-filled face. McLean can be heard yelling "terf!" into his microphone with each blow dealt to the female character, reminiscent of a lynching.<ref name=sonicfox/> The tweet garnered hundreds of thousands of views, and many thousands of retweets and likes.

McLean's tweet is made even worse by the fact that the hatred is not just directed at an imagined "terf" character, but at the voice actress behind the character, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda_Rousey Ronda Rousey]. Rousey, who is an MMA (mixed martial arts) fighter, is deemed a "TERF" for having stated, with blunt wording, that it's unfair for male MMA fighter [[Transwomen in women's sports#Fallon_Fox|Fallon Fox]] to compete against women.<ref name=rousey-fox/><ref name=rousey-marysue/><ref name=rousey-reddit/> A year after Rousey's remarks, female MMA fighter Tamikka Brents had suffered a concussion and an orbital bone fracture during a fight with Fallon Fox,<ref name=fallon-fox/> but this does not seem to have changed the opinion of trans activists.

After McLean's tweet was reported for hate speech, Twitter initially decided that it [[:File:Sonicfox2.png|did not break their rules]]. Only after continued protest and many more reports did Twitter react, by removing the tweet and issuing SonicFox a mere 24-hour ban.

In late 2019, a social media trend dubbed "POV you're a TERF in my mentions" started, in which trans activists would pose with a weapon (baseball bat, sword, machete, or the like), sometimes preparing to strike or showing them mid-strike, taken as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-of-view_shot point-of-view (POV) shot] and captioned with the phrase "POV you're a TERF in my mentions" or variations thereof.<ref name=pov-terf/> The pictures are supposed to represent the point-of-view (POV) of a "TERF" being assaulted by the depicted person. In other words, women called "TERF" who look at the pictures are supposed to imagine themselves being violently assaulted.

=== Real-life vandalism, harassment, and assaults ===

In February 2017, the newly opened Vancouver Women's Library was met with a small group of vandals, including a very obviously male person who claimed to be a female sex worker. They ripped off a poster, poured wine on a book, and harassed those trying to partake in the opening celebration. Their stated reason was that the library included books which they deemed to support so-called "TERF" and "SWERF" ideology.<ref name=vwl/>

<youtube dimensions=500 alignment=right description="The assault by Tara Wolf on Maria MacLachlan (September 13th, 2017)" container=frame>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_d3ozhSE-U
</youtube>

In September 2017, a group of feminists wanted to hold a meeting to discuss proposed changes to the [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/09/14/never-mind-reforming-gender-recognition-act-theres-no-need-gender-recognition-certificates/ Gender Recognition Act] (GRA) in the [https://newxlearning.org/ New Cross Learning] community Library in London. The library had to cancel the event after harassment by transgender activists. The organizers of the meeting decided to meet at Speakers' Corner, before going to the newly chosen meeting place, which was not announced to protect it from harassment. In Speakers' Corner, they were met with a group of transgender activists shouting slogans, notably "when TERFs attack, we fight back." Maria MacLachlan, who was filming the protesters with her digital camera, was attacked by someone running out of the trans activist group, who then tried to grab her camera. As the unsuccessful attacker ran back behind his friends, MacLachlan tried to get closer to the group to get his face on camera. Several of the activists started assaulting her in that moment. One of the attackers, later revealed to be Tara Wolf, was ultimately charged with assault by beating. Prior to the event, he had posted that he wants to "f*ck up some terfs" on social media. The event could be considered a cornerstone in the escalating hatred transgender activists show against feminists, as no such clearly documented assault in relation to the slur "TERF" existed before, and the event gained widespread attention in the news, being covered by The Guardian,<ref name=guardian/> The New Statesman,<ref name=statesman1/><ref name=statesman2/> The Telegraph,<ref name=telegraph/> The Times,<ref name=times1/><ref name=times2/> The Evening Standard,<ref name=standard/> and The Daily Mail.<ref name=dailymail/> Of course, it was also covered by Feminist Current.<ref name=fc1/><ref name=fc2/> In the aftermath of the event, many transgender activists online defended or even celebrated the assault, leading Meghan Murphy to publish the piece [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ '' 'TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech'']. Some publications in support of transgender activists have tried to claim that the assailant was really acting in self-defense, and tried to prove this claim by uploading carefully edited cuts of the recording showing the assault,<ref name=planettrans/> or by framing the assault as "standing up to bullies" who "provoke" transgender activists (by having opinions they don't like, we have to presume).<ref name=queerness/>

In December 2018, human rights lawyer Prof. [[Rosa Freedman]] found her office door covered in urine after attending debates surrounding proposed changes to the UK's Gender Recognition Act. She also reported being called a "Nazi" (she is Jewish) who "should be raped" (she is a survivor of sexual violence) and receiving abusive anonymous phone calls.<ref name=freedman/>

In 2018, transgender activist Dana Rivers was on trial for triple murder.<ref name=rivers/> The victims were a lesbian couple and their adoptive son. Rivers stabbed and shot the victims, before trying to set their house on fire, in November 2016. It remains unclear whether Rivers was motivated by the hatred against feminists and lesbians promulgated by transgender activists. Rivers was, however, a member of the group [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Trans Camp Trans], which was created to protest the women-only rule of the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (aka MichFest).<ref name=camptrans/> Autostraddle described Rivers as a "very well-known transgender activist."<ref name=autostraddle/>

In June 2019, [[Julie Bindel]] was physically attacked by a trans-identifying male person after holding a keynote speech about male violence against women at the Edinburgh University, together with Prof. Rosa Freedman.<ref name=edinburgh/> "He was shouting and ranting and raving, 'you're a f***** c***, you're a f****** bitch, a f****** Terf" and the rest of it. We were trying to walk to the cab to take us to the airport, and then he just lunged at me and almost punched me in the face, but a security guard pulled him away." The male person, who calls himself "[[Cathy Brennan]]" (after famous lesbian and radical feminist lawyer, whom he despises) had previously stood out on social media for [[:File:Joe-brennan-twitter.jpg|encouraging physical violence]] against feminists at Gay Pride events.

In August 16, 2019, the Facebook account of [[Vancouver Rape Relief and Women's Shelter]] reported that a dead rat had been nailed to their door frame.<ref name=vrr-fb/> On August 26, their Twitter account followed up by reporting their door and windows were vandalized with phrases such as "FUCK TERFS" and "KILL TERFS" as well as "TRANS POWER".<ref name=vrr-twitter/> The repeated harassment and vandalism garnered attention in local and national news.<ref name=vrr-vancouverisawesome/><ref name=vrr-nationalreview/><ref name=vrr-citynews/>

=== Gallery ===

<gallery caption="Discussion of McLean's hate tweet" perrow=3 widths=400px heights=200px>
File:Sonicfox3.jpg | McLean defending his tweet on the grounds that Ronda Rousey is a "TERF" and as such deserving of the violent contempt
File:Sonicfox-copycat1.png | A copycat tweet showing another video game character dying brutally, with the caption "FUCK TERFS"
File:Sonicfox-copycat2.png | Another copycat tweet. The GIF is of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_11 Mortal Kombat 11] character [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_(Mortal_Kombat) Scorpion] burning his opponent alive.
</gallery>

<gallery caption="Harassment and vandalism of Vancouver Rape Relief" perrow=3 widths=400px heights=200px>
File:Vrr-vandalism1.jpg | A dead rat nailed to the door frame of VRR
File:Vrr-vandalism2.jpg | The text "KILL TERFS ... TRANS POWER" written on the window
File:Vrr-vandalism3.jpg | The phrases "FUCK TERFS" and "TRANS WOMEN ARE WOMEN" written on the door and window
</gallery>

<gallery caption="Some examples of tweets using 'terf'" perrow=3 widths=400px heights=200px>
File:Terf-gallery-1.png | "terf isn't a slur ... terfs don't deserve rights"
File:Terf-gallery-2.jpg | "All terfs will be arrested on sight"
File:Terf-gallery-3.jpg | "It's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride#LGBT_Pride_Month Pride] punch a terf"
File:Terf-gallery-4.png | Putting "terf" right aside "nazi"
File:Terf-gallery-5.png | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chu Arthur Chu] supporting SonicFox's hate speech
File:Terf-gallery-6.png | "Being a TERF is a choice. Like being a Nazi."
</gallery>

== Analysis of the term ==

The original acronym could be split in two halves: "trans-exclusionary" and "radical feminist." Though many people targeted with the word do not see themselves as radical feminists, their ideals most often tend to align with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_feminism radical feminism] anyway, making that part somewhat accurate. The "trans-exclusionary" part however is rather ambiguous, and its meaning seems to change at the whim of the person using the term.

When those using the term want to justify it as an objective and accurate description, they will use rather mundane and basic definitions of "exclusion" that applies easily to most people the term is used against. Examples of this might include:

* Wanting transwomen with unfair anatomic advantages to be excluded from women's sports
* Wanting transwomen with an obvious male anatomy (such as intact male genitals) to be excluded from sex segregated spaces of privacy, such as changing rooms
* Not considering transwomen to be ''literally'' women, by pointing at the dictionary definition that is "adult human female"
* Wanting to exclude transwomen from some political groups that want to focus on struggles unique to people born with female anatomy
* Wanting to exclude crimes committed by transwomen from being recorded as female criminality, especially since the crime patterns of transwomen seem more in line with crime patterns of men,<ref name=dhejne/> who commit the vast majority of violent crimes, specifically sexual violence<ref name=wpcrime/>

[[File:Theterfs-delusion.png|thumb|right|500px|Some of the hyperbolic lies transgender activists use to justify hatred against feminists]]

However, once the term "TERF" is applied to someone on the basis of them holding these opinions (which many people including non-feminists would agree are sensible), the definition of "exclusion" is quickly sharpened to justify expressions of hatred. Sometimes, the "trans-exclusionary" is even hyperbolically turned into "trans-exterminatory" to increase its panic-inducing effect. The website (or should we say whacksite) [http://theterfs.com/ ''The TERFs''] goes as far as claiming that the people labeled "TERF" want to:

* Exclude trans people from housing (make them homeless)
* Exclude trans people from employment (make them unemployed)
* Exclude them from education
* Exclude them from accomodation equality
* Exclude them from local, state, national and United Nations protections(!)

As such, the women labeled "TERF" are represented less as women who simply want to uphold women's sex-based rights, and more like fascist monsters, which is then used to incite hatred and violence against them. It's also noteworthy how exclusion of transwomen (from female-only spaces etc.) turns here into supposed exclusion of all trans people (from whatever). As a matter of fact, women targeted as "TERFs" will frequently say explicitly that they welcome transmen in their groups, since transmen also face the sex-based oppression all women face from birth.

The strategy of transgender activists of using simple definitions of "TERF" to make the term look accurate, but then twist the definition to justify hatred, is quite similar to a "troll" strategy that has been noted by philosopher Nicholas Shackel, and dubbed the ''Motte and Bailey Doctrine'' in a paper titled [https://philpapers.org/archive/SHATVO-2.pdf ''The Vacuity of Postmodernist Methodology'']:

<blockquote>
"Troll’s Truisms are used to insinuate an exciting falsehood, which is a desired doctrine, yet permit retreat to the trivial truth when pressed by an opponent. In so doing they exhibit a property which makes them the simplest possible case of what I shall call a Motte and Bailey Doctrine (since a doctrine can be a single belief or an entire body of beliefs).

A Motte and Bailey castle is a medieval system of defence in which a stone tower on a mound (the Motte) is surrounded by an area of land (the Bailey) which in turn is encompassed by some sort of a barrier such as a ditch. Being dark and dank, the Motte is not a habitation of choice. The only reason for its existence is the desirability of the Bailey, which the combination of the Motte and ditch makes relatively easy to retain despite attack by marauders. When only lightly pressed, the ditch makes small numbers of attackers easy to defeat as they struggle across it: when heavily pressed the ditch is not defensible and so neither is the Bailey. Rather one retreats to the insalubrious but defensible, perhaps impregnable, Motte. Eventually the marauders give up, when one is well placed to reoccupy desirable land.

For my purposes the desirable but only lightly defensible territory of the Motte and Bailey castle, that is to say, the Bailey, represents a philosophical doctrine or position with similar properties: desirable to its proponent but only lightly defensible. The Motte is the defensible but undesired position to which one retreats when hard pressed. I think it is evident that Troll’s Truisms have the Motte and Bailey property, since the exciting falsehoods constitute the desired but indefensible region within the ditch whilst the trivial truth constitutes the defensible but dank Motte to which one may retreat when pressed."
</blockquote>

In our case, the ''Motte'' is an easily defensible statement like: ''"You don't consider transwomen literally women, therefore you are trans-exclusionary, which makes you a TERF."'' Whereas the ''Bailey'' is: ''"You want to exclude trans people from housing and employment, therefore I'm justified in hating you with a passion!"''

It could also be called a "bait-and-switch" argument, where one is "baited" into agreeing with the claim that someone is a "TERF" by using a mundane definition of "trans exclusion," and then the definition is switched into something bad, to justify expressions of hatred.

=== Inspection of the claims on ''The TERFs'' ===

[[File:Theterfs-logo.png|thumb|right|300px|Actual logo of TheTERFs.com: Evil black scribbles]]

It should be noted that ''The TERFs'' offers little more than out-of-context quotes from several decades ago as "evidence" for its hyperbolic claims regarding so-called "TERF" ideology. It also showcases a small number of cherry-picked tweets, half of which are from right-wing sources that also happen to oppose the transgender movement, which trans activists claim proves that feminists are secretly allied with them in a big conspiracy. (This line of thinking is often ridiculed as: "Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore vegetarians are Nazis.")

Regarding supposed evidence of "real-life violence motivated by TERF ideology," the website lists six examples, of which three don't actually present any violence. Those which do, relate to incidences from several decades ago, in which women tried to evict transwomen from female-only groups or spaces, using physical force or face-to-face threats. Since women are expected to be always nice and passive towards males, even when trying to form radical feminist groups and keep males out of them, this is of course seen as unacceptable. Two examples are about verbal threats, which is a run-of-the-mill experience for feminists opposing transgender activists, and the last one is about the deaths of trans people that are ''assumed'' to be related to lack of access to health care, which to be very blunt has fuck-all to do with feminist ideologies.

To summarize: there is not a single documented instance of a feminist group going up to a transgender group to assault or threaten them. Any claims of "violence by TERFs" refer either to women trying to evict transwomen from female-only spaces, extremely rare verbal threats, and lots and lots of fabrication. In comparison, transgender activists have gone to women's libraries to vandalize them,<ref name=vwl/> went to feminist meetings to assault women,<ref name=fc1/><ref name=fc2/> appeared with face masks at feminist conferences to intimidate women,<ref name=jamjar/> and the ubiquitous verbal abuse they send in the direction of women fills up [https://terfisaslur.com/ a whole website] set up solely to archive it.

=== The term 'SWERF' ===

The word ''SWERF'' is a close relative to ''TERF'' and is applied in a similarly dishonest, misrepresenting way. Women (and men who care about women's rights) who are critical of the sex industry for its exploitative nature are accused of being "sex-worker exclusionary" in an attempt to make them seem hateful towards an oppressed group.

In fact, the people slurred as "SWERF" tend to be supporters of the [[Nordic Model]] against prostitution, which sees a high-quality welfare system as a necessary component in tackling prostitution, and in alleviating problems faced by women who would otherwise choose to do prostitution out of economic desperation. Further, many of those slurred "SWERF" tend to be women who worked in prostitution themselves.

Notably, one of the biggest anti-prostitution and anti-pornography feminists [[Andrea Dworkin]] was an ex-prostitute herself, and not ashamed of admitting so. Another notable example is [[Rachel Moran]], who was in prostitution between the ages of 15 and 22, only to become one of the most notable anti-prostitution, pro-Nordic Model activists in recent years.

== See also ==

* [[Transgender ideology]]

=== External links ===

* [https://terfisaslur.com/ terfisaslur.com - Documenting the abuse, harassment and misogyny of transgender identity politics]
* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/tag/terf/ TERF Archives | Feminist Current]
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/dont-call-women-terfs/ Don't Call Women 'Terfs' | Speak Up for Women NZ]
* [https://medium.com/@amydyess83/terf-is-hate-speech-and-its-time-to-condemn-it-6efc897ce407 TERF Is Hate Speech and It’s Time to Condemn It]

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=terf-origin>
{{cite web
|url=https://hoydenabouttown.com/2008/08/17/carnivalia-transgenderism-and-the-gender-binary/
|title=Carnivalia, transgenderism and the gender binary
|author=Viv Smythe (aka tigtog)
|date=August 17, 2008
|website=Hoyden About Town
}}
</ref>

<ref name=guardian-smythe>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/29/im-credited-with-having-coined-the-acronym-terf-heres-how-it-happened
|title=I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. Here's how it happened
|author=Viv Smythe (aka tigtog)
|date=November 28, 2018
|website=The Guardian
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-egbert>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/16/defending-the-terf-gender-as-political/
|title=Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political
|author=C.K. Egbert
|date=July 16, 2014
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-ditum>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/29/how-terf-works/
|title=How ‘TERF’ works
|author=Sarah Ditum
|date=July 29, 2014
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vice-robbins>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/7bap7y/whats-the-block-blot-martin-robbins-757
|title=I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll
|author=Martin Robbins
|date=August 8, 2014
|website=Vice
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-white>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/11/10/why-i-no-longer-hate-terfs/
|title=Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’
|author=Penny White
|date=November 10, 2015
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-tra-violence>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/05/01/trans-activism-become-centered-justifying-violence-women-time-allies-speak/
|title=Trans activism is excusing & advocating violence against women, and it’s time to speak up
|author=Meghan Murphy
|date=May 1, 2018
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sonicfox>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2019/05/welcome-age-ironic-bigotry-where-old-hatreds-are-cloaked-woke-new-language
|title=Welcome to the age of ironic bigotry, where old hatreds are cloaked in woke new language
|author=Helen Lewis
|date=May 1, 2019
|website=The New Statesman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rousey-fox>
{{cite web
|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1651451-ronda-rousey-vs-fallon-fox-head-to-toe-breakdown
|title=Ronda Rousey vs. Fallon Fox Head-to-Toe Breakdown
|author=Jordy McElroy
|date=May 25, 2013
|website=Bleacher Report
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rousey-marysue>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.themarysue.com/ronda-rousey-and-transmisogyny/
|title=When Role Models Become Problematic: Ronda Rousey and Transmisogyny
|author=Teresa Jusino
|date=August 3, 2015
|website=The Mary Sue
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fallon-fox>
{{cite web
|url=https://archive.is/yZfcs
|title=After Being TKO’d by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’
|website=Cage Potato
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rousey-reddit>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/GamerGhazi/comments/ah4120/celebrity_terf_ronda_rousey_to_play_sonya_blade/
|title=Celebrity TERF Ronda Rousey to play Sonya Blade in Mortal Kombat 11
|website=reddit
}}
</ref>

<ref name=pov-terf>
{{cite web
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019184351/https://radfemrebecca.wordpress.com/2019/10/06/terfinmymentions/amp/
|title=“This is what I want to do to you” – Dissecting the ‘POV ur a TERF in my mentions’ trend.
|author=Rebecca
|date=October 6, 2019
|website=radfemrebecca.wordpress.com
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vwl>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/02/07/vancouver-womens-library-opens-amid-anti-feminist-backlash/
|title=Vancouver Women’s Library opens amid anti-feminist backlash
|author=Meghan Murphy
|date=February 7, 2017
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=guardian>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/oct/26/woman-punched-in-brawl-between-transgender-activists-and-radical-feminists
|title=Suspects sought after brawl between transgender activists and radical feminists
|author=Press Association
|date=October 26, 2017
|website=The Guardian
}}
</ref>

<ref name=statesman1>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/04/madness-our-gender-debate-where-feminists-defend-slapping-60-year-old
|title=The madness of our gender debate, where feminists defend slapping a 60-year-old woman
|author=Helen Lewis
|date=April 20, 2018
|website=NewStatesman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=statesman2>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2017/09/trans-rights-terfs-and-bruised-60-year-old-what-happened-speakers-corner
|title=Trans rights, TERFs, and a bruised 60-year-old: what happened at Speakers’ Corner?
|author=Anoosh Chakelian
|date=September 14, 2017
|website=NewStatesman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=telegraph>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/12/radical-feminist-warned-refer-transgender-defendant-assault/
|title=Radical feminist warned to refer to transgender defendant as a 'she' during assault case
|author=Victoria Ward
|date=April 12, 2018
|website=The Telegraph
}}
</ref>

<ref name=times1>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/transgender-activist-denies-thumping-radical-feminist-wvzgq6fx7
|title=Transgender activist Tara Wolf denies thumping radical feminist
|author=Lucy Bannerman
|date=April 12, 2018
|website=The Times
}}
</ref>

<ref name=times2>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trans-attacker-tara-wolf-is-a-thug-says-feminist-maria-maclachlan-pq0bwvthv
|title=Trans attacker is a thug, says feminist
|author=Lucy Bannerman
|date=April 14, 2018
|website=The Times
}}
</ref>

<ref name=standard>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/transgender-activist-tara-wolf-fined-150-for-assaulting-exclusionary-radical-feminist-in-hyde-park-a3813856.html
|title=Transgender activist Tara Wolf fined £150 for assaulting 'exclusionary' radical feminist in Hyde Park
|author=Martin Coulter
|date=April 13, 2018
|website=EveningStandard
}}
</ref>

<ref name=dailymail>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5613057/Model-punched-feminist-smashed-120-camera-violent-brawl-walks-free-court.html
|title=Transgender model who punched feminist and smashed her £120 camera in violent brawl at Hyde Park Speakers' Corner protest walks free from court
|author=Bridie Pearson-jones
|date=April 13, 2018
|website=MailOnline
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc1>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/15/historic-speakers-corner-becomes-site-anti-feminist-silencing-violence/
|title=Historic Speaker’s Corner becomes site of anti-feminist silencing and violence
|author=Meghan Murphy
|date=September 15, 2017
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc2>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/04/27/trans-identified-male-tara-wolf-charged-assault-hyde-park-attack/
|title=Trans-identified male, Tara Wolf, convicted of assault after Hyde Park attack
|author=Jen Izaakson
|date=April 27, 2018
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rivers>
{{cite web
|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2018/03/07/transgender-activist-trial-oakland-triple-murder/
|title=Transgender Activist Ordered To Stand Trial For Oakland Triple Murder
|date=March 7, 2018
|website=CBS SF BayArea
}}
</ref>

<ref name=camptrans>
{{cite web
|url=http://eminism.org/michigan/20000812-camptrans.txt
|title='MICHIGAN EIGHT' EVICTED OVER FESTIVAL'S NEW 'DON'T ASK DON'T TELL' GENDER POLICY
|date=August 12, 2000
}}
</ref>

<ref name=autostraddle>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/more-bad-news-oakland-lesbian-couple-and-their-son-brutally-murdered-by-former-lgbt-activist-359026/
|title=Oakland Lesbian Couple and Their Son Murdered By Former LGBT Activist
|author=Riese
|date=November 16, 2016
|website=Autostraddle
}}
</ref>

<ref name=edinburgh>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/crime/feminist-speaker-julie-bindel-attacked-by-transgender-person-at-edinburgh-university-after-talk-1-4942260
|title=Feminist speaker Julie Bindel 'attacked by transgender person' at Edinburgh University after talk
|author=Gina Davidson
|date=June 6, 2019
|website=The Scotsman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=planettrans>
{{cite web
|url=https://planettransgender.com/when-terf-attack-at-hyde-park/
|title=Trans Activists Vilified For Defense against TERF Attack at Hyde Park
|author=Kelli Busey
|date=September 18, 2017
|website=Planet Transgender
}}
</ref>

<ref name=queerness>
{{cite web
|url=https://thequeerness.com/2017/09/29/trial-by-media-over-speakers-corner-fracas/
|title=Trial by media over Speakers’ Corner fracas
|author=Sam Hope
|date=September 29, 2017
|website=The Queerness
}}
</ref>

<ref name=jamjar>
{{cite web
|url=https://twitter.com/magdalenberns/status/988003582250291201
|title=Masked transactivists surround woman on stairwell
|author=Magdalen Berns
|date=April 22, 2018
|website=Twitter
}}
</ref>

<ref name=dhejne>
{{cite web
|url=https://fairplayforwomen.com/criminality/
|title=Study suggests that transwomen exhibit a male pattern of criminality
|date=September 8, 2018
|website=Fair Play For Women
}}
</ref>

<ref name=wpcrime>
{{cite web
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime#Statistics
|title=Sex differences in crime
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=May 31, 2019
}}
</ref>

<ref name=freedman>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-46454454
|title=Rosa Freedman: Professor's door 'covered in urine' after gender law debate
|date=December 5, 2018
|website=BBC News
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-fb>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.facebook.com/VancouverRapeRelief/posts/710603379412445
|title=Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter - Facebook
|date=August 16, 2019
|website=Facebook
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-twitter>
{{cite web
|url=https://twitter.com/VanRapeRelief/status/1166426534321647616
|title=VancouverRapeRelief on Twitter
|date=August 26, 2019
|website=Twitter
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-vancouverisawesome>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2019/08/28/vancouver-rape-relief-centre-targeted-vandalism-threats-transgender-controversy/
|title=Vancouver Rape Relief centre targeted with vandalism, threats over transgender controversy
|author=Jessica Kerr
|date=August 28, 2019
|website=Vancouver is Awesome
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-nationalreview>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/08/women-only-rape-relief-shelter-defunded-then-vandalized/
|title=Women-Only Rape-Relief Shelter Defunded, Then Vandalized
|author=Madeleine Kearns
|date=August 28, 2019
|website=National Review
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-citynews>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/08/27/vancouver-rape-relief-centre-vandalized-likely-over-restrictions-for-transgender-people/
|title=Vancouver Rape Relief centre vandalized, likely over restrictions for transgender people
|author=Jonathan Szekeres and Lauren Boothby
|date=Aug 27, 2019
|website=City News
}}
</ref>

</references>



[[pt:TERF]]

Anti-prostitution feminism

2020-02-25T19:11:08Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

{{stub}}

'''Anti-prostitution feminism''' refers to [[feminism|feminist]] activism focused on ending women's exploitation through the sex trade. Anti-prostitution feminists support the [[Nordic Model]], which sees prostitution as being inherently exploitative and an affront to women's human rights. Notable anti-prostitution feminists include [[Melissa Farley]], [[Rachel Moran]], [[Andrea Dworkin]], [[Julie Bindel]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], and [[Gail Dines]]. Anti-prostitution overlaps with [[anti-pornography feminism]], which focuses on the harms of the [[pornography]] industry, including the effects of pornographic media on society.



[[pt:Feminismo anti-prostituição]]

Abortion

2020-02-24T23:54:45Z

Bcf: Insert new lines and link to article in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Abortion generally refers to the deliberate act of ending a pregnancy. }}
''(This section needs elaboration.)''

Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. There are currently significant debates over the morality of abortion, and these debates are active even within the radical feminist community. The aim of this page is to critically examine some of the most popular pro-life arguments, and to provide one radical feminist response to that argument, as well as responses to popular pro-life counter critiques.

== The Pro-life Position ==

The pro-life (anti-abortion) position is typically framed as some variation of the following syllogism:

An embryo or fetus is a person.
Taking the life of a person is morally wrong.
Therefore, abortion is morally wrong.

== Pro-choice Responses ==

''(This section needs elaboration.)''

Philosophical responses to the pro-life position generally take one of two forms. The first relies on the right of a woman to bodily autonomy, which feminists argue supersedes the right of a fetus to life. The second response directly critiques the pro-life argument itself, in particular the concept of fetal or embryonic personhood.

=== Fetal personhood ===


[[pt:Aborto]]

Detransitioner

2020-02-23T20:01:06Z

Bcf: Put link to article in Portuguese

{{stub}}

A '''detransitioner''' is a person who previously identified as transgender, possibly to the point of undergoing [[hormone replacement therapy]] and other medical procedures such as a [[double mastectomy]]. There seems to be a rise in the number of detransitioners, especially among women, probably in relation to the rise in cases of [[rapid-onset gender dysphoria]], transgender identification as a social trend, or transgender identification as a new type of coping mechanism against sex stereotypes.


[[pt:Destransicionado]]

Pay Gap

2020-02-23T19:51:44Z

Bcf: Mark as stub, create "Further reading" section and link to article in Portuguese

{{stub}}

There is a pay gap between many different groups including women and people of colour. The pay gap has been shrinking but is still a significant disparity. Often women find it much harder to get promotions and raises than their male counterparts. Aggression in the workplace and elsewhere is frowned upon in women which makes it harder to get higher level jobs. Women of colour have these troubles doubled.

== Further reading ==
# https://www.payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap



[[pt:Diferença salarial]]

Cotton ceiling

2020-02-19T14:53:22Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

The '''cotton ceiling''' refers to the alleged phenomenon in which lesbian and bisexual women are unwilling to have sexual relations with transgender-identified males. The term was coined by Canadian transgender activist and pornography actor Drew DeVeaux.<ref>https://genderidentitywatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/pop-theory_-is-the-_cotton-ceiling_-theory-all-fluff_-afterellen.pdf</ref> The word "cotton" in this context refers to women's underwear. The term draws a semantic parallel to the glass ceiling, which describes the inability of women to reach high-level positions within the workplace.
 

== References ==
<references />

 
== External Links ==
# https://terfisaslur.com/cotton-ceiling/
# https://genderidentitywatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ad-hoc-coalition-against-the-cotton-ceiling-condemns-planned-parenthood-toronto-for-anti-female-sex-workshop-_-you-think-i-just-dont-understand-but-i-dont-believe-you.pdf
# https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/01/13/todays-shameless-lesbians-wont-queered/



[[pt:Cotton ceiling]]

Gendered oppression

2020-02-18T20:28:20Z

Bcf: Link to page in Portuguese and change reference to external link

'''Gendered oppression''' is the systemic manner in which certain groups are privileged or disadvantaged because of their gender. Because gender is such an integral part of society, we may unconsciously subscribe to harmful and inaccurate gender stereotypes. These socially constructed assumptions about gender do not describe essential characteristics of men, women, and people outside of the gender binary, yet they often claim to. This maintains the '''gendered power difference''' that allows certain groups to benefit (socially and economically) at the expense of others.

The maintenance of gendered oppression is systemic and structural. In other words, it results from everyday practices and unquestioned assumptions within society, not necessarily from a few individuals in power. The dissemination of gendered oppression can often be subtle. Popular jokes or comments can be very effective means of spreading and maintaining harmful gendered attitudes.

Gendered oppression does not act in isolation. It intersects with discrimination based on race, sexuality, ability, class, age, history of incarceration, religion, language, and citizenship status. Analysis of any one of these oppressions alone is insufficient; each reinforces the other. In addition, the intersection of oppression is not simply a linear combination of the individual oppression. For example, a Black lesbian’s experience is not just the composite of a Black man’s and a white lesbian’s oppression. For these reasons, tackling gendered oppression necessarily involves exploring all other forms of oppression.

== External links ==
# https://web.mit.edu/feminists/DiscussionGroup/articles



[[pt:Opressão de gênero]]

Cisgender

2020-02-17T18:59:42Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Feminists oppose the notion of "cisgender" as it implies an inherent feminine identity in women.
}}
In [[transgender ideology]], the term '''cisgender''' (often shortened ''cis'' as in ''cis man'' or ''cis woman'') stands for a person whose supposed [[gender identity]] aligns with their [[sex]], as opposed to [[transgender]] people who claim to have a "gender identity" that contradicts their sex.<ref name=kristen_schilt/> Since feminists oppose the [[gender essentialism|gender essentialist]] notion of an inborn, inherent and essential feminine identity, and define [[gender]] as a [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] tool of sex-based oppression rather than a personally felt identity, they consequently disagree with the concept of a "cisgender person" as defined on the basis of gender identity.<ref name=rrc/>

A simplistic definition of ''cis'', often used to defend the term from its critics, is "anyone who isn't trans." This defense of the term fails to take into account the precise definition of ''trans'' under transgender ideology, which is based on the questionable notion of [[gender identity]].

== Etymology and history ==

The words "cis" and "trans" originate from Latin, where they could be translated as "this side of" and "the other side of." Their usage as antonyms can be seen in a number of fields, such as in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis%E2%80%93trans_isomerism cis-trans isomerism] in organic chemistry, the so-called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementation_(genetics) cis-trans test] in genetics, or geographic terms such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan_(region) Transjordan] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank#Cisjordan Cisjordan] (the eastern/western side of River Jordan). The word "cis" is presumably less well known than "trans" since many if not most terms using the word "trans" do not have a logical counterpart using "cis", for instance: ''translate'', ''transform'', ''transatlantic'', ''transpacific'', etc.

In a 1998 essay, sexologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkmar_Sigusch Volkmar Sigusch] cites his own 1991 article "Die Transsexuellen und unser nosomorpher Blick" ("Transsexuals and our nosomorphic view") as the origin of the term "cissexual,"<ref name=volkmar/> which might be a precursor to "cisgender."

The terms cisgender and cissexual were used in a 2006 article in the ''Journal of Lesbian Studies'' entitled ''Debating Trans Inclusion in the Feminist Movement: A Trans-Positive Analysis''<ref name=green/> and in Julia Serano's 2007 book ''Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity''.<ref name=serano/> These works are attributed with the popularization of the term among English-speaking activists and academics.<ref name=popularity/>

A Google Trends analysis shows that interest in the term ''cisgender'' was virtually nonexistent in the years prior to 2010. After a gradual increase towards 2014, a sudden spike in interest can be seen in February 2014, and further occasional spikes along with a general increase in the years after.<ref name=gtrends/>

== Feminist criticism ==

While a simplistic definition of ''cisgender'' such as "everyone who isn't transgender" seems innocuous, the precise definition rests on the concept of [[gender identity]]. A "cis woman," for instance, is said to be a person who is both physically [[female]], and who possesses a "female gender identity." While proponents of transgender ideology tend to refuse explainig what a female gender identity means, it seems similar to the oppressive notion that women have a feminine psyche or an inherent identification with feminine stereotypes. Although a person with female anatomy is allowed to identify out of the feminine gender under this world view, it draws a false dichotomy between female people who supposedly belong into the feminine gender, and female people who don't.

<blockquote>
Feminism does not believe that asking whether an individual identifies with the particular social characteristics and expectations assigned to them at birth is a politically useful way of analyzing or understanding gender. Eliminating gender assignments, by allowing individuals to choose one of two pre-existing gender molds, while continuing to celebrate the existence and naturalism of “gender” itself, is not a progressive social goal that will advance women’s liberation. Feminism claims that gender is a much more complicated (and sinister) social phenomenon than this popular cis/trans binary has any hope of capturing. -- Elizabeth Hungerford, A feminist critique of "cisgender"
</blockquote>

The concept leaves little room for a woman who is comfortable with her female anatomy, sees herself as nothing other than a "woman" in accordance with a straightforward biological definition, and yet rejects [[sexism|sexist]] notions of an inherent feminine nature of her personality. She could be a strongly gender non-conforming radical feminist, and yet the mere act of calling herself a "woman" would mean that she has a female gender identity. As such, she would belong in the same category as a conservative woman who strictly adheres to traditional notions of femininity. Furthermore, even if we defined the former woman as "transgender" on the basis of her gender non-conformity, the femininity-conforming woman would have to be seen as being the way she is out of her inherent nature, since being transgender/cisgender is said not to be a choice. Opposite to that, the feminist perspective would posit that the woman who conforms to traditional femininity has internalized sexist oppression, is limiting her freedom, and could mentally break free and embrace gender non-conformity if she were to raise to a feminist political consciousness.

<blockquote>
... despite possessing female biology and calling myself a woman, I do not consider myself a two-dimensional gender stereotype. I am not an ideal manifestation of the essence of womanhood, and so I am non-binary. Just like everybody else. However, those who describe themselves as non-binary are unlikely to be satisfied with this conclusion, as their identity as ‘non-binary person’ depends upon the existence of a much larger group of so-called binary ‘cisgender’ people, people who are incapable of being outside the arbitrary masculine/feminine genders dictated by society.

And here we have an irony about some people insisting that they and a handful of their fellow gender revolutionaries are non-binary: in doing so, they create a false binary between those who conform to the gender norms associated with their sex, and those who do not. In reality, everybody is non-binary. We all actively participate in some gender norms, passively acquiesce with others, and positively rail against others still. So to call oneself non-binary is in fact to create a new false binary. It also often seems to involve, at least implicitly, placing oneself on the more complex and interesting side of that binary, enabling the non-binary person to claim to be both misunderstood and politically oppressed by the binary cisgender people. -- Rebecca Reilly-Cooper, The idea that gender is a spectrum is a new gender prison
</blockquote>

Another problem with the concept of cisgender arises when considering lesbian women, especially butch lesbians, for whom gender non-conformity feels natural. While every woman can choose to disregard rules of femininity after coming to a political consciousness, some women, especially lesbians, might feel naturally repelled from feminine stereotypes, beginning in early childhood. The concept of gender identity would have it that they are possibly transgender and as such not women, even though they might feel perfectly content with the word "woman" when stripped off of feminine stereotypes and limited to a non-sexist, scientific definition. Yet the concept of "cisgender" groups them together with women who find it easier to perform femininity, effectively erasing their unique experiences with regard to gender.

== Recommended reading ==

* [https://liberationcollective.wordpress.com/2012/06/08/a-feminist-critique-of-cisgender/ A feminist critique of "cisgender"] by Elizabeth Hungerford
* [https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-that-gender-is-a-spectrum-is-a-new-gender-prison The idea that gender is a spectrum is a new gender prison] by Rebecca Reilly-Cooper
* [https://rebeccarc.com/2014/08/04/am-i-cisgender/ Am I cisgender?] by Rebecca Reilly-Cooper
* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/05/16/neither-cis-terf/ Neither cis nor TERF] by Robert Jensen

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=kristen_schilt>{{cite journal | last1 = Schilt | last2 = Westbrook | first1 = Kristen | first2 = Laurel | title = Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity: 'Gender Normals,' Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality | journal = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_%26_Society Gender & Society] | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 440–464 [461] | doi =10.1177/0891243209340034 | date = August 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name=rrc>{{cite web|url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-that-gender-is-a-spectrum-is-a-new-gender-prison |title=Gender is not a spectrum |last=Reilly-Cooper |first=Rebecca |date=28 June, 2016 |website=Aeon.co |publisher=Aeon }}</ref>

<ref name=volkmar>{{cite journal | last = Sigusch | first = Volkmar | authorlink = Volkmar Sigusch | title = The Neosexual Revolution | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 27 | pages = 331–359 | date = February 1998 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.1023/A:1018715525493 | pmid = 9681118 }}</ref>

<ref name=green>{{cite journal | last1 = Green | first1 = Eli R. | title = Debating Trans Inclusion in the Feminist Movement: A Trans-Positive Analysis | journal = Journal of Lesbian Studies | volume = 10 | issue = 1/2 | pages = 231–248 [247] | year = 2006 | doi=10.1300/j155v10n01_12 | pmid = 16873223 }}</ref>

<ref name=serano>{{cite book |last=Serano |first=Julia |date=2007 |title=Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity |publisher=Seal Press |page=12 |isbn=978-1-58005-154-5 }}</ref>

<ref name=popularity>
{{Cite journal| authorlink = Carla A. Pfeffer| last = Pfeffer| first = Carla| title = Trans (Formative) Relationships: What We Learn About Identities, Bodies, Work and Families from Women Partners of Trans Men| journal = Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan| year = 2009}} 

{{Cite journal| authorlink = Rhaisa K. Williams| last = Williams| first = Rhaisa| title = Contradictory Realities, Infinite Possibilities: Language Mobilization and Self-Articulation Amongst Black Trans Women | journal = Penn McNair Research Journal | volume = 2| issue = 1| date = November 2010}} 

{{Cite journal| last = Drescher| first = Jack| authorlink = Jack Drescher| title = Queer Diagnoses: Parallels and Contrasts in the History of Homosexuality, Gender Variance, and the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual''| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior| doi = 10.1007/s10508-009-9531-5 | date = September 2009| volume = 39| issue = 2| pages = 427–460| pmid = 19838785}}
</ref>

<ref name=gtrends>{{cite web |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=cisgender |title=cisgender - Explore - Google Trends |website=trends.google.com }}</ref>

</references>



[[pt:Cisgênero]]

GirlsDoPorn

2020-02-17T13:10:44Z

Bcf: Link to page in Portuguese

GirlsDoPorn is a US American website dealing in filmed rape, presented as "amateur pornography." The website has an annual revenue of $25 million.<ref name=4w>{{cite web |url=https://4w.pub/the-girlsdoporn-verdict-is-a-win-for-women-but-its-not-enough/ |title=The GirlsDoPorn Verdict is a Win for Victims - But it's Not Enough |website=4W |author=M. K. Fain |date=January 5, 2020 }}</ref>

Three men involved in the organization, '''Michael Pratt''', '''Andre Garcia''', and '''Matthew Wolf''', are facing charges for sex trafficking and child pornography.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/porn-company-charged-by-feds-for-sex-trafficking/ |title=Porn Company Charged by Feds for Sex Trafficking |website=Courthouse News Service |author=Bianco Bruno |date=October 10, 2019 }}</ref> In January 2020, judge Kevin Enright ruled that 22 adult victims of the company would be receiving $12.7 million in damages because of the severe trauma they faced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jan/03/girlsdoporn-site-pay-127m-women-didnt-know-videos-posted |title=Porn site to pay $12.7m to women who didn't know videos would be posted |website=The Guardian |author=Harriet Grant |date=January 3, 2020 }}</ref> Garcia and Wolf are in US federal custody as of January 2020, whereas Pratt has fled to his homeland, New Zealand, although the child pornography charges he is facing are subject to an extradition treaty between New Zealand and the US.

Of the 22 victims who successfully sued the company, many were left dealing with suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, blackmailing from men who find videos of their rape online, job discrimination, and various forms of sexual harassment.<ref name=4w/>

== Recommended reading ==

* [https://4w.pub/the-girlsdoporn-verdict-is-a-win-for-women-but-its-not-enough/ The GirlsDoPorn Verdict is a Win for Victims - But it's Not Enough] - by Mary Kate Fain on [https://4w.pub 4W.pub]

== References ==

<references/>



[[pt:GirlsDoPorn]]

Andrea Dworkin

2020-02-15T19:56:22Z

Bcf: Fix references section

Andrea Dworkin was a [[radical feminist]] and author. She was born in 1946 and died in 2005. She was anti-pornography and many of her views have been misrepresented.

=== Biography ===
Dworkin was born September 26 1946, in New Jersey. She was often cared for by relatives because of her mothers heart issues. Her father was a socialist. Dworkin went to Bennington College. She protested the Vietnam war and was arrested and given a traumatic body cavity search at a prison. She told newspapers about the abuse and the prison was closed, but her parents disowned her.

After this she moved to Greece and became a prostitute. After a year in Greece she went back to college and got her bachelors degree in 1968. She moved overseas and married a Dutch man who began abusing her. She tried to get help but no one would assist her. She ran away from her husband until a friend helped her come back to the United States. Once back, she divorced her husband. Dworkin released her first book, [[''Woman Hating'']], at the age of 27. Many claimed she was anti-men but she denied this.

Dworkin kept writing until she couldn't anymore due to illness. She died in her sleep in 2005 at the age of 58.<ref>https://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-A-Ec/Dworkin-Andrea.html</ref>

=== Activism ===
Dworkin wrote many books with radical feminist theory that's still talked about today. Many of her books were published by U.K. publishing houses because American companies found her to be too radical.

Linda Marchiano(Lovelace) tried to sue the people in charge of her films because she suffered from being coerced into pornography. Dworkin asked [[Catharine MacKinnon]] to help Marchiano but there were no standing laws to support her case. An ordinance was drafted to allow people to sue the producers of pornography, which was supported by radical feminists and conservatives but other feminist groups argued it blocked women's right to explore their sexuality. A couple cities adopted it but the U.S. Supreme court deemed it unconstitutional.

== References ==
<references/>



[[pt:Andrea Dworkin]]

Andrea Dworkin

2020-02-15T19:31:27Z

Bcf: Add link to page in Portuguese

Rachel McKinnon

2020-02-14T14:30:06Z

Bcf: Insert link to page in Portuguese

[[File:Biology is Transphobic.png|frame|right|McKinnon on Twitter]]'''Rachel McKinnon''' (b. 1982), previously known as Rhys McKinnon,<ref>https://www.ontario.ca/document/ontario-gazette-volume-146-issue-33-august-17-2013/government-notices-respecting-corporations</ref> is a transgender-identified man, a transgender activist and an associate professor in the Philosophy department at the College of Charleston,<ref>http://philosophy.cofc.edu/faculty-staff-listing/mckinnon-rachel.php#RachelMcKinnon</ref> located in Charleston, South Carolina. He has attracted media and public attention for competing in women's cycling<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/oct/15/rachel-mckinnon-transgender-cyclist-calls-out-bigo/</ref> and for his controversial statements regarding [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] activist [[Magdalen Berns]].<ref>https://genderdesk.wordpress.com/2019/09/14/rip-magdalen-berns/</ref><ref>https://www.postandcourier.com/news/the-tweet-heard-round-the-world-charleston-professor-sparks-global/article_4a462cda-c9c7-11e9-8134-d32dc721835d.html</ref>
 
== References ==
<references />



[[pt:Rachel McKinnon]]

Rapid-onset gender dysphoria

2020-02-14T14:10:00Z

Bcf: Add link to Portuguese page

{{stub}}

'''Rapid-onset gender dysphoria''' refers to the phenomenon in which a young person (child to young adult) seems to develop [[gender dysphoria]] rather rapidly, without any prior history hinting to the condition. It's been suggested that an element of [[social contagion]] is at play, similar to how [[Eating disorder|eating disorders]] sometimes seem to spread among young female populations in a viral manner.



[[pt:Disforia de gênero de surgimento repentino]]

Main Page

2020-02-10T18:18:54Z

Bcf: Add link to FeministWiki in Portuguese

{{PageSeo | description = Welcome to the FeministWiki, a digital platform for feminism consisting of a wiki, forum, chat, blog hosting, and more. | keywords = radical feminism, radfem
}}
''Services: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org FeministBlog] - [https://files.feministwiki.org/ FeministFiles] - [https://mail.feministwiki.org/ FeministMail] - [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ FeministForum] - [https://chat.feministwiki.org/ FeministChat] - [[Help:IRC|FeministIRC]]''

''Other languages: [https://feministwiki.org/de/ German] - [https://feministwiki.org/pt/ Portuguese]''

Welcome to '''FeministWiki''', a wiki and integrated digital platform for feminism.

A ''wiki'' is a knowledge-base like an encyclopedia, but managed by the public. The FeministWiki specializes on feminism, and is managed by feminists and their supporters. It aims to archive and present information relevant to feminism, and explain feminist perspectives to the reader.

Further, the FeministWiki aims to offer a complete integrated digital platform for feminists, with components such as a blogging platform, a discussion forum, a messaging/chat system, private and shared online storage for large files, and more. You don't need to provide any personally identifying information to become a member, nor do you need to pay; the modest number of users makes the platform cheap to run.

There are a few ways to become a member:
* Use the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Request] form to ask for an account.
* Contact an existing member and have them create an account for you by using the [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add Member] form.
* Ask for an account by manually contacting admin@feministwiki.org or by messaging an official social media account of the FeministWiki.

Spinster: [https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] 
Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki/ FeministWiki]

Twitter has censored the FeministWiki. Please join [https://spinster.xyz Spinster] instead!

Once you are a member, you will be given a username and password with which you can log in to all FeministWiki services. For example, to log in to the wiki itself (which you are reading right now), use the small "Log in" link at the top right of the page.

See the '''[[FW:Welcome|Welcome page]]''' for further information on the FeministWiki, written with new members in mind.

Heads up: '''the FeministWiki needs you'''. All of the technical infrastructure of the FeministWiki is only useful if there's a community making use of it, and content on the wiki doesn't write itself! Be bold, don't shy off of asking for membership, and let the community and the world benefit from your added knowledge. You can become a member even if you have no intention to contribute to the actual wiki; feel free to chat away with other members, discuss matters important to you on the forum, or use the file storage to have a central place to store your favorite information-material on feminism.

== Check out some articles ==

=== Notable feminists ===

* [[Magdalen Berns]]

=== Sex, gender, and trans activism ===

* [[Gender]]
* [[Transgender ideology]]
* [[Cisgender]]
* [[Autogynephilia]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Transwomen in women's sports]]

=== Sex industry ===

* [[Nordic Model]]

=== Black feminism ===

* [[Black feminism]]

== What is feminism? ==

There are a variety of ideological groupings which call themselves feminism, and some of them are in contradiction with each other. As such, one cannot support all types of feminism at the same time. The FeministWiki is for people who adhere to a relatively straightforward and classical interpretation of feminism: the liberation of female people from male supremacism. This is sometimes called ''radical feminism'' because male supremacism is a radical notion for many people, and its elimination requires radical changes to society.

Male supremacism refers to social and political systems that use stereotypes, myths, discrimination, belittlement, violence, and other means to keep men in power and women oppressed. Women are then exploited for reproductive and domestic labor, men's sexual gratification, and more. Male supremacism also causes collateral damage to some men and boys. For instance, effeminate boys and gay men are often targeted with punishment for failing to uphold the myth that men are inherently masculine.

The FeministWiki promotes second-wave feminist literature:

* [https://radfem.org/ Radical Feminist Archives]

The FeministWiki is in full support of the [[Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]]:

* [https://www.womensdeclaration.com/ Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]

The FeministWiki recommends Spinster as a feminism-friendly social media platform:

* [https://spinster.xyz Spinster.xyz]

Further, the FeministWiki promotes and stands in solidarity with the following groups and organizations:

* [http://lgballiance.org.uk LGB Alliance]: The LGB Alliance
* [http://womensliberationfront.org/ WoLF]: The Women's Liberation Front
* [https://feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current]: Canadian feminist news, commentary, and podcasts
* [https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/ Vancouver Rape Relief]: Female-only rape-relief and women's shelter
* [https://nordicmodelnow.org/ Nordic Model Now]: Educational movement for the abolition of prostitution
* [http://www.spaceintl.org/ SPACE International]: Survivors of Prostitution Abuse Calling for Enlightenment
* [https://womansplaceuk.org/ Woman's Place UK]: Women's campaigning group scrutinizing gender self-identification
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/ Speak Up for Women]: New Zealand group opposing gender self-identification
* [https://feministstruggle.org/ Feminists in Struggle - FIST]: US-based female-only radical feminist network
* [https://pussychurchofmodernwitchcraft.com/ The Pussy Church of Modern Witchcraft]: Lesbian-led Church for Women and Girls

== Who's behind the project? ==

The technical infrastructure is managed by [[FW:Technician|the technician]]. The first technician, who set up the site, is a male computer programmer who sees the project as volunteer work and claims absolutely no authority; he is well aware of the repeated scandals surrounding male feminists. Content-wise, the site is meant to be under the control of the whole community using it.

To reach the technician, mail to admin@feministwiki.org.