FeministWiki - Contributi dell'utente [it]

Pagina principale

2024-11-13T11:58:49Z

Technician: /* Who's behind the project? */

{{PageSeo
|description = Welcome to the FeministWiki, a digital platform for feminism consisting of a wiki, forum, chat, blog hosting, and more.
}}
''Services: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org FeministBlog] - [https://files.feministwiki.org/ FeministFiles] - [https://mail.feministwiki.org/ FeministMail] - [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ FeministForum] - [https://chat.feministwiki.org/ FeministChat] - [[Help:IRC|FeministIRC]]''

Welcome to '''FeministWiki''', a wiki and integrated digital platform for feminism.

A wiki is a knowledge-base like an encyclopedia, but managed by the public. The FeministWiki specializes on feminism, and is managed by feminists and their supporters. It aims to archive and present information relevant to feminism, and explain feminist perspectives to the reader.

Further, the FeministWiki aims to offer a complete integrated digital platform for feminists, with components such as a blogging platform, a discussion forum, a messaging/chat system, private and shared online storage for large files, and more. You don't need to provide any personally identifying information to become a member, nor do you need to pay; the modest number of users makes the platform cheap to run.

There are a few ways to become a member:
* Use the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Request] form to ask for an account.
* Contact an existing member and have them create an account for you by using the [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add Member] form.
* Ask for an account by manually contacting technician@feministwiki.org or by messaging an official social media account of the FeministWiki.

Spinster: [https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] (preferred) 
Twitter: [https://twitter.com/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] 
Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki/ FeministWiki]

Once you are a member, you will be given a username and password with which you can log in to all FeministWiki services. For example, to log in to the wiki itself (which you are reading right now), use the small "Log in" link at the top right of the page.

See the '''[[FW:Welcome|Welcome page]]''' for further information on the FeministWiki, written with new members in mind.

Heads up: '''the FeministWiki needs you'''. All of the technical infrastructure of the FeministWiki is only useful if there's a community making use of it, and content on the wiki doesn't write itself! Be bold, don't shy off of asking for membership, and let the community and the world benefit from your added knowledge. You can become a member even if you have no intention to contribute to the actual wiki; feel free to chat away with other members, discuss matters important to you on the forum, or use the file storage to have a central place to store your favorite information-material on feminism.

== Check out some articles ==

=== Notable feminists ===

* [[Magdalen Berns]]

=== Sex, gender, and trans activism ===

* [[Gender]]
* [[Transgender ideology]]
* [[Cisgender]]
* [[Autogynephilia]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Transwomen in women's sports]]

=== Sex industry ===

* [[Nordic Model]]

=== Black feminism ===

* [[Black feminism]]

== What is feminism? ==

There are a variety of ideological groupings which call themselves feminism, and some of them are in contradiction with each other. As such, one cannot support all types of feminism at the same time. The FeministWiki is for people who adhere to a relatively straightforward and classical interpretation of feminism: the liberation of female people from male supremacism. This is sometimes called ''radical feminism'' because male supremacism is a radical notion for many people, and its elimination requires radical changes to society.

Male supremacism refers to social and political systems that use stereotypes, myths, discrimination, belittlement, violence, and other means to keep men in power and women oppressed. Women are then exploited for reproductive and domestic labor, men's sexual gratification, and more. Male supremacism also causes collateral damage to some men and boys. For instance, effeminate boys and gay men are often targeted with punishment for failing to uphold the myth that men are inherently masculine.

The FeministWiki promotes second-wave feminist literature:

* [https://radfem.org/ Radical Feminist Archives]

The FeministWiki is in full support of the Women's Human Rights Campaign:

* [https://www.womensdeclaration.com/ Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]

The FeministWiki recommends Spinster as a feminism-friendly social media platform:

* [https://spinster.xyz Spinster.xyz]

Further, the FeministWiki promotes and stands in solidarity with the following groups and organizations:

* [http://lgballiance.org.uk LGB Alliance]: The LGB Alliance
* [http://womensliberationfront.org/ WoLF]: The Women's Liberation Front
* [https://feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current]: Canadian feminist news, commentary, and podcasts
* [https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/ Vancouver Rape Relief]: Female-only rape-relief and women's shelter
* [https://nordicmodelnow.org/ Nordic Model Now]: Educational movement for the abolition of prostitution
* [http://www.spaceintl.org/ SPACE International]: Survivors of Prostitution Abuse Calling for Enlightenment
* [https://womansplaceuk.org/ Woman's Place UK]: Women's campaigning group scrutinizing gender self-identification
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/ Speak Up for Women]: New Zealand group opposing gender self-identification
* [https://feministstruggle.org/ Feminists in Struggle - FIST]: US-based female-only radical feminist network
* [https://pussychurchofmodernwitchcraft.com/ The Pussy Church of Modern Witchcraft]: Lesbian-led Church for Women and Girls

== Who's behind the project? ==

The FeministWiki platform is offered to the public for free by the German LLC '''WikiWiz UG (haftungsbeschränkt)'''.

For legal inquiries please contact info@feministwiki.org or feministwiki@gmail.com.



[[de:Hauptseite]] [[en:Main_Page]] [[es:Página_principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[pt:Página_principal]]

Pagina principale

2022-08-30T07:54:33Z

Technician:

{{PageSeo
|description = Welcome to the FeministWiki, a digital platform for feminism consisting of a wiki, forum, chat, blog hosting, and more.
}}
''Services: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org FeministBlog] - [https://files.feministwiki.org/ FeministFiles] - [https://mail.feministwiki.org/ FeministMail] - [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ FeministForum] - [https://chat.feministwiki.org/ FeministChat] - [[Help:IRC|FeministIRC]]''

Welcome to '''FeministWiki''', a wiki and integrated digital platform for feminism.

A wiki is a knowledge-base like an encyclopedia, but managed by the public. The FeministWiki specializes on feminism, and is managed by feminists and their supporters. It aims to archive and present information relevant to feminism, and explain feminist perspectives to the reader.

Further, the FeministWiki aims to offer a complete integrated digital platform for feminists, with components such as a blogging platform, a discussion forum, a messaging/chat system, private and shared online storage for large files, and more. You don't need to provide any personally identifying information to become a member, nor do you need to pay; the modest number of users makes the platform cheap to run.

There are a few ways to become a member:
* Use the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Request] form to ask for an account.
* Contact an existing member and have them create an account for you by using the [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add Member] form.
* Ask for an account by manually contacting technician@feministwiki.org or by messaging an official social media account of the FeministWiki.

Spinster: [https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] (preferred) 
Twitter: [https://twitter.com/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] 
Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki/ FeministWiki]

Once you are a member, you will be given a username and password with which you can log in to all FeministWiki services. For example, to log in to the wiki itself (which you are reading right now), use the small "Log in" link at the top right of the page.

See the '''[[FW:Welcome|Welcome page]]''' for further information on the FeministWiki, written with new members in mind.

Heads up: '''the FeministWiki needs you'''. All of the technical infrastructure of the FeministWiki is only useful if there's a community making use of it, and content on the wiki doesn't write itself! Be bold, don't shy off of asking for membership, and let the community and the world benefit from your added knowledge. You can become a member even if you have no intention to contribute to the actual wiki; feel free to chat away with other members, discuss matters important to you on the forum, or use the file storage to have a central place to store your favorite information-material on feminism.

== Check out some articles ==

=== Notable feminists ===

* [[Magdalen Berns]]

=== Sex, gender, and trans activism ===

* [[Gender]]
* [[Transgender ideology]]
* [[Cisgender]]
* [[Autogynephilia]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Transwomen in women's sports]]

=== Sex industry ===

* [[Nordic Model]]

=== Black feminism ===

* [[Black feminism]]

== What is feminism? ==

There are a variety of ideological groupings which call themselves feminism, and some of them are in contradiction with each other. As such, one cannot support all types of feminism at the same time. The FeministWiki is for people who adhere to a relatively straightforward and classical interpretation of feminism: the liberation of female people from male supremacism. This is sometimes called ''radical feminism'' because male supremacism is a radical notion for many people, and its elimination requires radical changes to society.

Male supremacism refers to social and political systems that use stereotypes, myths, discrimination, belittlement, violence, and other means to keep men in power and women oppressed. Women are then exploited for reproductive and domestic labor, men's sexual gratification, and more. Male supremacism also causes collateral damage to some men and boys. For instance, effeminate boys and gay men are often targeted with punishment for failing to uphold the myth that men are inherently masculine.

The FeministWiki promotes second-wave feminist literature:

* [https://radfem.org/ Radical Feminist Archives]

The FeministWiki is in full support of the Women's Human Rights Campaign:

* [https://www.womensdeclaration.com/ Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]

The FeministWiki recommends Spinster as a feminism-friendly social media platform:

* [https://spinster.xyz Spinster.xyz]

Further, the FeministWiki promotes and stands in solidarity with the following groups and organizations:

* [http://lgballiance.org.uk LGB Alliance]: The LGB Alliance
* [http://womensliberationfront.org/ WoLF]: The Women's Liberation Front
* [https://feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current]: Canadian feminist news, commentary, and podcasts
* [https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/ Vancouver Rape Relief]: Female-only rape-relief and women's shelter
* [https://nordicmodelnow.org/ Nordic Model Now]: Educational movement for the abolition of prostitution
* [http://www.spaceintl.org/ SPACE International]: Survivors of Prostitution Abuse Calling for Enlightenment
* [https://womansplaceuk.org/ Woman's Place UK]: Women's campaigning group scrutinizing gender self-identification
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/ Speak Up for Women]: New Zealand group opposing gender self-identification
* [https://feministstruggle.org/ Feminists in Struggle - FIST]: US-based female-only radical feminist network
* [https://pussychurchofmodernwitchcraft.com/ The Pussy Church of Modern Witchcraft]: Lesbian-led Church for Women and Girls

== Who's behind the project? ==

The FeministWiki platform is offered to the public by the German non-profit organization '''FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)'''.

The FeministWiki g. UG is bound by German law to abide by the following mission statement (translated from German):

<blockquote>
1. The company exclusively and directly pursues charitable purposes within the meaning of the section "tax-privileged purposes" of the tax code (AO). The purpose of the company is to promote equality between women and men.

2. The purpose of the statutes is achieved by operating an online platform called feministwiki.org. The platform serves as an information center on the subject of feminism, as well as a communication platform for people who want to stand up for the rights of women.
</blockquote>

The technical infrastructure is managed by [[FW:Technician|the technician]], who also offers user support. For support, please contact technician@feministwiki.org.

For legal inquiries please contact info@feministwiki.org or feministwiki@gmail.com.



[[de:Hauptseite]] [[en:Main_Page]] [[es:Página_principal]] [[fr:Accueil]] [[pt:Página_principal]]

Pagina principale

2022-08-30T07:25:58Z

Technician:

{{PageSeo
|description = Welcome to the FeministWiki, a digital platform for feminism consisting of a wiki, forum, chat, blog hosting, and more.
}}
''Services: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org FeministBlog] - [https://files.feministwiki.org/ FeministFiles] - [https://mail.feministwiki.org/ FeministMail] - [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ FeministForum] - [https://chat.feministwiki.org/ FeministChat] - [[Help:IRC|FeministIRC]]''

Welcome to '''FeministWiki''', a wiki and integrated digital platform for feminism.

A ''wiki'' is a knowledge-base like an encyclopedia, but managed by the public. The FeministWiki specializes on feminism, and is managed by feminists and their supporters. It aims to archive and present information relevant to feminism, and explain feminist perspectives to the reader.

Further, the FeministWiki aims to offer a complete integrated digital platform for feminists, with components such as a blogging platform, a discussion forum, a messaging/chat system, private and shared online storage for large files, and more. You don't need to provide any personally identifying information to become a member, nor do you need to pay; the modest number of users makes the platform cheap to run.

There are a few ways to become a member:
* Use the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Request] form to ask for an account.
* Contact an existing member and have them create an account for you by using the [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add Member] form.
* Ask for an account by manually contacting technician@feministwiki.org or by messaging an official social media account of the FeministWiki.

Spinster: [https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] (preferred) 
Twitter: [https://twitter.com/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] 
Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki/ FeministWiki]

Once you are a member, you will be given a username and password with which you can log in to all FeministWiki services. For example, to log in to the wiki itself (which you are reading right now), use the small "Log in" link at the top right of the page.

See the '''[[FW:Welcome|Welcome page]]''' for further information on the FeministWiki, written with new members in mind.

Heads up: '''the FeministWiki needs you'''. All of the technical infrastructure of the FeministWiki is only useful if there's a community making use of it, and content on the wiki doesn't write itself! Be bold, don't shy off of asking for membership, and let the community and the world benefit from your added knowledge. You can become a member even if you have no intention to contribute to the actual wiki; feel free to chat away with other members, discuss matters important to you on the forum, or use the file storage to have a central place to store your favorite information-material on feminism.

== Check out some articles ==

=== Notable feminists ===

* [[Magdalen Berns]]

=== Sex, gender, and trans activism ===

* [[Gender]]
* [[Transgender ideology]]
* [[Cisgender]]
* [[Autogynephilia]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Transwomen in women's sports]]

=== Sex industry ===

* [[Nordic Model]]

=== Black feminism ===

* [[Black feminism]]

== What is feminism? ==

There are a variety of ideological groupings which call themselves feminism, and some of them are in contradiction with each other. As such, one cannot support all types of feminism at the same time. The FeministWiki is for people who adhere to a relatively straightforward and classical interpretation of feminism: the liberation of female people from male supremacism. This is sometimes called ''radical feminism'' because male supremacism is a radical notion for many people, and its elimination requires radical changes to society.

Male supremacism refers to social and political systems that use stereotypes, myths, discrimination, belittlement, violence, and other means to keep men in power and women oppressed. Women are then exploited for reproductive and domestic labor, men's sexual gratification, and more. Male supremacism also causes collateral damage to some men and boys. For instance, effeminate boys and gay men are often targeted with punishment for failing to uphold the myth that men are inherently masculine.

The FeministWiki promotes second-wave feminist literature:

* [https://radfem.org/ Radical Feminist Archives]

The FeministWiki is in full support of the [[Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]]:

* [https://www.womensdeclaration.com/ Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]

The FeministWiki recommends Spinster as a feminism-friendly social media platform:

* [https://spinster.xyz Spinster.xyz]

Further, the FeministWiki promotes and stands in solidarity with the following groups and organizations:

* [http://lgballiance.org.uk LGB Alliance]: The LGB Alliance
* [http://womensliberationfront.org/ WoLF]: The Women's Liberation Front
* [https://feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current]: Canadian feminist news, commentary, and podcasts
* [https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/ Vancouver Rape Relief]: Female-only rape-relief and women's shelter
* [https://nordicmodelnow.org/ Nordic Model Now]: Educational movement for the abolition of prostitution
* [http://www.spaceintl.org/ SPACE International]: Survivors of Prostitution Abuse Calling for Enlightenment
* [https://womansplaceuk.org/ Woman's Place UK]: Women's campaigning group scrutinizing gender self-identification
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/ Speak Up for Women]: New Zealand group opposing gender self-identification
* [https://feministstruggle.org/ Feminists in Struggle - FIST]: US-based female-only radical feminist network
* [https://pussychurchofmodernwitchcraft.com/ The Pussy Church of Modern Witchcraft]: Lesbian-led Church for Women and Girls

== Who's behind the project? ==

The FeministWiki platform is offered to the public by the German non-profit organization '''FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)'''. For legal inquiries please contact info@feministwiki.org or feministwiki@gmail.com.

The technical infrastructure is managed by [[FW:Technician|the technician]], who also offers user support. For support, please contact technician@feministwiki.org.


[[en:Main Page]] [[de:Hauptseite]] [[pt:Página principal]]

Pagina principale

2020-12-22T19:05:13Z

Technician: Technician ha spostato la pagina Main Page a Pagina principale senza lasciare redirect

{{PageSeo
|description = Welcome to the FeministWiki, a digital platform for feminism consisting of a wiki, forum, chat, blog hosting, and more.
}}
''Services: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org FeministBlog] - [https://files.feministwiki.org/ FeministFiles] - [https://mail.feministwiki.org/ FeministMail] - [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ FeministForum] - [https://chat.feministwiki.org/ FeministChat] - [[Help:IRC|FeministIRC]]''

Welcome to '''FeministWiki''', a wiki and integrated digital platform for feminism.

A ''wiki'' is a knowledge-base like an encyclopedia, but managed by the public. The FeministWiki specializes on feminism, and is managed by feminists and their supporters. It aims to archive and present information relevant to feminism, and explain feminist perspectives to the reader.

Further, the FeministWiki aims to offer a complete integrated digital platform for feminists, with components such as a blogging platform, a discussion forum, a messaging/chat system, private and shared online storage for large files, and more. You don't need to provide any personally identifying information to become a member, nor do you need to pay; the modest number of users makes the platform cheap to run.

There are a few ways to become a member:
* Use the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Request] form to ask for an account.
* Contact an existing member and have them create an account for you by using the [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add Member] form.
* Ask for an account by manually contacting technician@feministwiki.org or by messaging an official social media account of the FeministWiki.

Spinster: [https://spinster.xyz/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] (preferred) 
Twitter: [https://twitter.com/@FeministWiki @FeministWiki] 
Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/FeministWiki/ FeministWiki]

Once you are a member, you will be given a username and password with which you can log in to all FeministWiki services. For example, to log in to the wiki itself (which you are reading right now), use the small "Log in" link at the top right of the page.

See the '''[[FW:Welcome|Welcome page]]''' for further information on the FeministWiki, written with new members in mind.

Heads up: '''the FeministWiki needs you'''. All of the technical infrastructure of the FeministWiki is only useful if there's a community making use of it, and content on the wiki doesn't write itself! Be bold, don't shy off of asking for membership, and let the community and the world benefit from your added knowledge. You can become a member even if you have no intention to contribute to the actual wiki; feel free to chat away with other members, discuss matters important to you on the forum, or use the file storage to have a central place to store your favorite information-material on feminism.

== Check out some articles ==

=== Notable feminists ===

* [[Magdalen Berns]]

=== Sex, gender, and trans activism ===

* [[Gender]]
* [[Transgender ideology]]
* [[Cisgender]]
* [[Autogynephilia]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Transwomen in women's sports]]

=== Sex industry ===

* [[Nordic Model]]

=== Black feminism ===

* [[Black feminism]]

== What is feminism? ==

There are a variety of ideological groupings which call themselves feminism, and some of them are in contradiction with each other. As such, one cannot support all types of feminism at the same time. The FeministWiki is for people who adhere to a relatively straightforward and classical interpretation of feminism: the liberation of female people from male supremacism. This is sometimes called ''radical feminism'' because male supremacism is a radical notion for many people, and its elimination requires radical changes to society.

Male supremacism refers to social and political systems that use stereotypes, myths, discrimination, belittlement, violence, and other means to keep men in power and women oppressed. Women are then exploited for reproductive and domestic labor, men's sexual gratification, and more. Male supremacism also causes collateral damage to some men and boys. For instance, effeminate boys and gay men are often targeted with punishment for failing to uphold the myth that men are inherently masculine.

The FeministWiki promotes second-wave feminist literature:

* [https://radfem.org/ Radical Feminist Archives]

The FeministWiki is in full support of the [[Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]]:

* [https://www.womensdeclaration.com/ Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights]

The FeministWiki recommends Spinster as a feminism-friendly social media platform:

* [https://spinster.xyz Spinster.xyz]

Further, the FeministWiki promotes and stands in solidarity with the following groups and organizations:

* [http://lgballiance.org.uk LGB Alliance]: The LGB Alliance
* [http://womensliberationfront.org/ WoLF]: The Women's Liberation Front
* [https://feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current]: Canadian feminist news, commentary, and podcasts
* [https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/ Vancouver Rape Relief]: Female-only rape-relief and women's shelter
* [https://nordicmodelnow.org/ Nordic Model Now]: Educational movement for the abolition of prostitution
* [http://www.spaceintl.org/ SPACE International]: Survivors of Prostitution Abuse Calling for Enlightenment
* [https://womansplaceuk.org/ Woman's Place UK]: Women's campaigning group scrutinizing gender self-identification
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/ Speak Up for Women]: New Zealand group opposing gender self-identification
* [https://feministstruggle.org/ Feminists in Struggle - FIST]: US-based female-only radical feminist network
* [https://pussychurchofmodernwitchcraft.com/ The Pussy Church of Modern Witchcraft]: Lesbian-led Church for Women and Girls

== Who's behind the project? ==

The FeministWiki platform is offered to the public by the German non-profit organization '''FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)'''. For legal inquiries please contact info@feministwiki.org or feministwiki@gmail.com.

The technical infrastructure is managed by [[FW:Technician|the technician]], who also offers user support. For support, please contact technician@feministwiki.org.


[[de:Hauptseite]] [[pt:Página_principal]]

TERF

2020-11-22T00:21:57Z

Technician: /* External links */

{{PageSeo
|description = TERF is a slur used by transgender activists to debase anyone who criticizes their movement on the basis of feminist concerns.
|image = Sonicfox.png
}}
[[File:Terf-slur-02.png|thumb|300px|A typical tweet containing "terf"]]

The word ''TERF'' (or ''terf''; pl ''terfs'' or ''terves'') is a slur that is used predominantly by transgender activists and their allies against people who criticize the transgender movement on the basis of feminist concerns. Since the slur is used for people with feminist concerns, the main target tend to be women. As such, it's usually understood to be an anti-feminist, sexist and misogynist slur.

The word was invented as an acronym for ''Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist'', where the "trans-exclusionary" part referred to those holding roughly the position that transwomen should not be included under a feminist definition of womanhood, and the "radical feminist" part was meant neutrally, i.e. for people who would indeed describe themselves as [[Radical feminism|radical feminists]] in the true sense.

Over time, the acronym pretty much became a [[Wikipedia:Four-letter word|four-letter word]]. Nowadays the capitalization is frequently omitted, and the already ambiguous original meaning ignored entirely. Still, users of the term tend to claim that it's a neutral description. The "trans-exclusionary" part may now refer to anyone who thinks transwomen should not have unfettered access to all female-only spaces (e.g. changing rooms), should not partake in women's sports where they have [[Transwomen in women's sports|unfair advantages]], should not be considered a natural part of the lesbian dating pool, etc. Although most members of the public would see these as rather sensible positions, considering a "transwoman" may have intact male anatomy, transgender activists nevertheless see all of these types of "exclusion" as unacceptable.

A closely associated term is ''SWERF'', which is supposed to stand for ''Sex-Worker-Exclusionary Radical Feminist'' and is used for those who see the sex industry (prostitution, pornography, etc.) as highly exploitative and sexist. Like ''TERF'', the term is almost always applied as a slur, and to misrepresent the political position of the person it's used against. Ironically, some of those who have to face the term most commonly are women who worked in prostitution and became anti-prostitution activists as a result of their own experiences as so-called sex workers.

== Origin ==

The oldest known use of the term is by Viv Smythe aka "tigtog" in a blog post from 2008.<ref name=terf-origin/> She defended the term as late as 2018, in an article for The Guardian.<ref name=guardian-smythe/> Transgender activists frequently try to defend the term on the grounds that Viv Smythe is a woman who herself claims to be a radical feminist, and seems to have first used the term in a way that is not derogatory. Of course, the benign origins of a term does not mean that it cannot evolve into a slur.

== Evolution towards hate speech ==

[[File:Mya-byrne-punches-terfs.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Totally not a slur!]]

The evolution of the term from 2008 into the early to mid 2010s is not well documented. Mostly, feminists had to face the term on social media, where it began to be used regularly to debase their position. In July 2014, [https://www.feministcurrent.com/ Feminist Current] published two articles referencing the term. The first, written by C. K. Egbert and titled ''Defending the 'TERF': Gender as political'', explains and defends in length the political theory underlining the ideas supported by feminists who are slurred as "terf."<ref name=fc-egbert/> The second, written by [[Sarah Ditum]] and titled ''How 'TERF' works'', shortly analyses a situation in which a woman is pressured to retract a statement opposing violence against women, on the grounds that the statement originally stems from a feminist who is considered a "terf".<ref name=fc-ditum/> Since Feminist Current is highly acclaimed among radical-leaning feminists, its decision to support the women slurred with "terf" could be seen as a turning point.

In August 2014, Vice published an article titled ''I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll'' (subtitle: ''At least according to the 'Block Bot' I am'') by author Martin Robbins.<ref name=vice-robbins/> In the article, Robbins talks about how the "Block Bot" project on Twitter, which is supposed to help people avoid abusive trolls, has included feminist authors and journalists such as [[Caroline Criado-Perez]] and [[Helen Lewis]] among the people who should be blocked. Ironically, Lewis seems to have made it to the list for complaining about abusive trolls, as the "evidence" for the reason to ban her includes objections to tweets such as "kill TERFS", "burn TERFS", or hateful jokes such as "what's better than 1 dead terf? 2 dead terfs."

Another Feminist Current article defending those targeted with the slur was published in November 2015, written by [[Penny White]] and titled ''Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’''.<ref name=fc-white/> In the article, White explains how she herself used to be convinced that so-called "TERFs" are worthy of contempt, but changed her mind after starting to look closer into the issue. This experience seems to resonate with many women and some socially liberal men to this day, who start out being supportive of the transgender movement, only to start becoming skeptical after negative experiences and observations, ultimately leading them to be also labeled "terf" and shunned by transgender activists and their allies. After that, Feminist Current started publishing articles critical of the transgender movement with some frequency, much to the enragement of transgender activists.

In June 2017, transgender activist [[Wikipedia:Mya Byrne|Mya Byrne]] came to the San Francisco Pride Parade with a t-shirt reading "I PUNCH TERFS", decorated with a large fake blood-stain. Byrne uploaded a selfie of him wearing the t-shirt at the parade, captioned "This is what gay liberation looks like #pride #yesallterfs" which sparked many negative reactions.<ref name=fc-tra-violence/> The t-shirt would later be displayed at an "art exhibit" at the San Francisco Public Library, set up by the trans activist group ''The Degenderettes''. After complaints, the library removed the t-shirt from the exhibition, though similar items showcasing a violent mentality remained, such as baseball bats wrapped in barbed wire and painted in the colors of the transgender pride flag.<ref name=fc-tra-violence/>

[[File:Sonicfox.png|thumb|right|300px|Dominique McLean's tweet glorifying violence against women.]]

In April 2019, professional video gamer [[Wikipedia:SonicFox|Dominique McLean]] aka "SonicFox" uploaded a video on Twitter, captioned "what I do to terfs," in which a male video game character strikes a female character's neck so hard that her skin comes off, while the camera shows her agony-filled face. McLean can be heard yelling "terf!" into his microphone with each blow dealt to the female character, reminiscent of a lynching.<ref name=sonicfox/> The tweet garnered hundreds of thousands of views, and many thousands of retweets and likes.

McLean's tweet is made even worse by the fact that the hatred is not just directed at an imagined "terf" character, but at the voice actress behind the character, [[Wikipedia:Ronda Rousey|Ronda Rousey]]. Rousey, who is an MMA (mixed martial arts) fighter, is deemed a "TERF" for having stated, with blunt wording, that it's unfair for male MMA fighter [[Transwomen in women's sports#Fallon_Fox|Fallon Fox]] to compete against women.<ref name=rousey-fox/><ref name=rousey-marysue/><ref name=rousey-reddit/> A year after Rousey's remarks, female MMA fighter Tamikka Brents had suffered a concussion and an orbital bone fracture during a fight with Fallon Fox,<ref name=fallon-fox/> but this does not seem to have changed the opinion of trans activists.

After McLean's tweet was reported for hate speech, Twitter initially decided that it [[:File:Sonicfox2.png|did not break their rules]]. Only after continued protest and many more reports did Twitter react, by removing the tweet and issuing SonicFox a mere 24-hour ban.

In late 2019, a social media trend dubbed "POV you're a TERF in my mentions" started, in which trans activists would pose with a weapon (baseball bat, sword, machete, or the like), sometimes preparing to strike or showing them mid-strike, taken as a [[Wikipedia:Point-of-view shot|point-of-view (POV) shot]] and captioned with the phrase "POV you're a TERF in my mentions" or variations thereof.<ref name=pov-terf/> The pictures are supposed to represent the point-of-view (POV) of a "TERF" being assaulted by the depicted person. In other words, women called "TERF" who look at the pictures are supposed to imagine themselves being violently assaulted.

In May 2020, a blog post was published on Medium.com equating so-called TERFs with Nazis in a credible-sounding tone and explaining how various methods such as infiltration, censorship, property damage, and physical violence should be used against them.<ref name=medium-izaguirre/> The account posting the article was suspended from Medium.com on the same day and the content re-uploaded on WordPress soon after.<ref name=wp-izaguirre/>

== Real-life vandalism, harassment, and assaults ==

In February 2017, the newly opened Vancouver Women's Library was met with a small group of vandals, including a very obviously male person who claimed to be a female sex worker. They ripped off a poster, poured wine on a book, and harassed those trying to partake in the opening celebration. Their stated reason was that the library included books which they deemed to support so-called "TERF" and "SWERF" ideology.<ref name=vwl/>

<youtube dimensions=500 alignment=right description="The assault by Tara Wolf on Maria MacLachlan (September 13th, 2017)" container=frame>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_d3ozhSE-U
</youtube>

In September 2017, a group of feminists wanted to hold a meeting to discuss proposed changes to the [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/09/14/never-mind-reforming-gender-recognition-act-theres-no-need-gender-recognition-certificates/ Gender Recognition Act] (GRA) in the [https://newxlearning.org/ New Cross Learning] community Library in London. The library had to cancel the event after harassment by transgender activists. The organizers of the meeting decided to meet at Speakers' Corner, before going to the newly chosen meeting place, which was not announced to protect it from harassment. In Speakers' Corner, they were met with a group of transgender activists shouting slogans, notably "when TERFs attack, we fight back." Maria MacLachlan, who was filming the protesters with her digital camera, was attacked by someone running out of the trans activist group, who then tried to grab her camera. As the unsuccessful attacker ran back behind his friends, MacLachlan tried to get closer to the group to get his face on camera. Several of the activists started assaulting her in that moment. One of the attackers, later revealed to be Tara Wolf, was ultimately charged with assault by beating. Prior to the event, he had posted that he wants to "f*ck up some terfs" on social media. The event could be considered a cornerstone in the escalating hatred transgender activists show against feminists, as no such clearly documented assault in relation to the slur "TERF" existed before, and the event gained widespread attention in the news, being covered by The Guardian,<ref name=guardian/> The New Statesman,<ref name=statesman1/><ref name=statesman2/> The Telegraph,<ref name=telegraph/> The Times,<ref name=times1/><ref name=times2/> The Evening Standard,<ref name=standard/> and The Daily Mail.<ref name=dailymail/> Of course, it was also covered by Feminist Current.<ref name=fc1/><ref name=fc2/> In the aftermath of the event, many transgender activists online defended or even celebrated the assault, leading Meghan Murphy to publish the piece [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ '' 'TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech'']. Some publications in support of transgender activists have tried to claim that the assailant was really acting in self-defense, and tried to prove this claim by uploading carefully edited cuts of the recording showing the assault,<ref name=planettrans/> or by framing the assault as "standing up to bullies" who "provoke" transgender activists (by having opinions they don't like, we have to presume).<ref name=queerness/>

In December 2018, human rights lawyer Prof. [[Rosa Freedman]] found her office door covered in urine after attending debates surrounding proposed changes to the UK's Gender Recognition Act. She also reported being called a "Nazi" (she is Jewish) who "should be raped" (she is a survivor of sexual violence) and receiving abusive anonymous phone calls.<ref name=freedman/>

In 2018, transgender activist Dana Rivers was on trial for triple murder.<ref name=rivers/> The victims were a lesbian couple and their adoptive son. Rivers stabbed and shot the victims, before trying to set their house on fire, in November 2016. It remains unclear whether Rivers was motivated by the hatred against feminists and lesbians promulgated by transgender activists. Rivers was, however, a member of the group [[Wikipedia:Camp Trans|Camp Trans]], which was created to protest the women-only rule of the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival (aka MichFest).<ref name=camptrans/> Autostraddle described Rivers as a "very well-known transgender activist."<ref name=autostraddle/>

In June 2019, [[Julie Bindel]] was physically attacked by a trans-identifying male person after holding a keynote speech about male violence against women at the Edinburgh University, together with Prof. Rosa Freedman.<ref name=edinburgh/> "He was shouting and ranting and raving, 'you're a f***** c***, you're a f****** bitch, a f****** Terf" and the rest of it. We were trying to walk to the cab to take us to the airport, and then he just lunged at me and almost punched me in the face, but a security guard pulled him away." The male person, who calls himself "[[Cathy Brennan]]" (after famous lesbian and radical feminist lawyer, whom he despises) had previously stood out on social media for [[:File:Joe-brennan-twitter.jpg|encouraging physical violence]] against feminists at Gay Pride events.

In August 16, 2019, the Facebook account of [[Vancouver Rape Relief and Women's Shelter]] reported that a dead rat had been nailed to their door frame.<ref name=vrr-fb/> On August 26, their Twitter account followed up by reporting their door and windows were vandalized with phrases such as "FUCK TERFS" and "KILL TERFS" as well as "TRANS POWER".<ref name=vrr-twitter/> The repeated harassment and vandalism garnered attention in local and national news.<ref name=vrr-vancouverisawesome/><ref name=vrr-nationalreview/><ref name=vrr-citynews/>

== Analysis of the term ==

[[File:Theterfs-delusion.png|thumb|right|500px|Some of the hyperbolic lies transgender activists use to justify hatred against feminists]]

The original acronym could be split in two halves: "trans-exclusionary" and "radical feminist." Though many people targeted with the word do not see themselves as radical feminists, their ideals most often tend to align with [[radical feminism]] anyway, making that part somewhat accurate. The "trans-exclusionary" part however is rather ambiguous, and its meaning seems to change at the whim of the person using the term.

When those using the term want to justify it as an objective and accurate description, they will use rather mundane and basic definitions of "exclusion" that applies easily to most people the term is used against. Examples of this might include:

* Wanting transwomen with unfair anatomic advantages to be excluded from women's sports
* Wanting transwomen with an obvious male anatomy (such as intact male genitals) to be excluded from sex segregated spaces of privacy, such as changing rooms
* Not considering transwomen to be ''literally'' women, by pointing at the dictionary definition that is "adult human female"
* Wanting to exclude transwomen from some political groups that want to focus on struggles unique to people born with female anatomy
* Wanting to exclude crimes committed by transwomen from being recorded as female criminality, especially since the crime patterns of transwomen seem more in line with crime patterns of men,<ref name=dhejne/> who commit the vast majority of violent crimes, specifically sexual violence<ref name=wpcrime/>

However, once the term "TERF" is applied to someone on the basis of them holding these opinions (which many people including non-feminists would agree are sensible), the definition of "exclusion" is quickly sharpened to justify expressions of hatred. Sometimes, the "trans-exclusionary" is even hyperbolically turned into "trans-exterminatory" to increase its panic-inducing effect. The website (or should we say whacksite) [http://theterfs.com/ ''The TERFs''] goes as far as claiming that the people labeled "TERF" want to:

* Exclude trans people from housing (make them homeless)
* Exclude trans people from employment (make them unemployed)
* Exclude them from education (keep them uneducated)
* Exclude them from accommodation equality
* Exclude them from local, state, national and United Nations protections(!)

As such, the women labeled "TERF" are represented less as women who simply want to uphold women's sex-based rights, and more like fascist monsters. This is then used to incite hatred and violence against them. It's also noteworthy how exclusion of transwomen (from female-only spaces etc.) turns here into supposed exclusion of all trans people (from whatever). In fact, women targeted as "TERFs" will frequently say explicitly that they welcome transmen in their groups, since transmen also face the sex-based oppression all women face from birth.

The strategy of transgender activists of using simple definitions of "TERF" to make the term look accurate, but then twist the definition to justify hatred, is quite similar to a "troll" strategy that has been noted by philosopher Nicholas Shackel, and dubbed the ''Motte and Bailey Doctrine'' in a paper titled [https://philpapers.org/archive/SHATVO-2.pdf ''The Vacuity of Postmodernist Methodology'']:

[[File:Motte-Bailey.png|thumb|right|500px|An illustration of the "motte and bailey" style of fallacious argumentation.]]

<blockquote>
"Troll’s Truisms are used to insinuate an exciting falsehood, which is a desired doctrine, yet permit retreat to the trivial truth when pressed by an opponent. In so doing they exhibit a property which makes them the simplest possible case of what I shall call a Motte and Bailey Doctrine (since a doctrine can be a single belief or an entire body of beliefs).

A Motte and Bailey castle is a medieval system of defence in which a stone tower on a mound (the Motte) is surrounded by an area of land (the Bailey) which in turn is encompassed by some sort of a barrier such as a ditch. Being dark and dank, the Motte is not a habitation of choice. The only reason for its existence is the desirability of the Bailey, which the combination of the Motte and ditch makes relatively easy to retain despite attack by marauders. When only lightly pressed, the ditch makes small numbers of attackers easy to defeat as they struggle across it: when heavily pressed the ditch is not defensible and so neither is the Bailey. Rather one retreats to the insalubrious but defensible, perhaps impregnable, Motte. Eventually the marauders give up, when one is well placed to reoccupy desirable land.

For my purposes the desirable but only lightly defensible territory of the Motte and Bailey castle, that is to say, the Bailey, represents a philosophical doctrine or position with similar properties: desirable to its proponent but only lightly defensible. The Motte is the defensible but undesired position to which one retreats when hard pressed. I think it is evident that Troll’s Truisms have the Motte and Bailey property, since the exciting falsehoods constitute the desired but indefensible region within the ditch whilst the trivial truth constitutes the defensible but dank Motte to which one may retreat when pressed."
</blockquote>

In our case, the ''Motte'' is an easily defensible statement like: ''"You don't consider transwomen literally women, therefore you are trans-exclusionary, which makes you a TERF."'' Whereas the ''Bailey'' is: ''"You want to exclude trans people from housing and employment, therefore I'm justified in hating you with a passion!"''

It could also be called a "bait-and-switch" argument, where one is "baited" into agreeing with the claim that someone is a "TERF" by using a mundane definition of "trans exclusion," and then the definition is switched into something bad, to justify expressions of hatred.

=== Inspection of the claims on ''The TERFs'' ===

[[File:Theterfs-logo.png|thumb|right|300px|Actual logo of TheTERFs.com: Evil black scribbles]]

It should be noted that ''The TERFs'' offers little more than out-of-context quotes from several decades ago as "evidence" for its hyperbolic claims regarding so-called "TERF" ideology. It also showcases a small number of cherry-picked tweets, half of which are from right-wing sources that also happen to oppose the transgender movement, which trans activists claim proves that feminists are secretly allied with them in a big conspiracy. (This line of thinking is often ridiculed as: "Hitler was a vegetarian, therefore vegetarians are Nazis.")

Regarding supposed evidence of "real-life violence motivated by TERF ideology," the website lists six examples, of which three don't actually present any violence. Those which do, relate to incidences from several decades ago, in which women tried to evict transwomen from female-only groups or spaces, using physical force or face-to-face threats. Since women are expected to be always nice and passive towards males, even when trying to form radical feminist groups and keep males out of them, this is of course seen as unacceptable. Two examples are about verbal threats, which is a run-of-the-mill experience for feminists opposing transgender activists, and the last one is about the deaths of trans people that are ''assumed'' to be related to lack of access to health care, which to be very blunt has fuck-all to do with feminist ideologies.

To summarize: there is not a single documented instance of a feminist group going up to a transgender group to assault or threaten them. Any claims of "violence by TERFs" refer either to women trying to evict transwomen from female-only spaces, extremely rare verbal threats, and lots and lots of fabrication. In comparison, transgender activists have gone to women's libraries to vandalize them,<ref name=vwl/> went to feminist meetings to assault women,<ref name=fc1/><ref name=fc2/> appeared with face masks at feminist conferences to intimidate women,<ref name=jamjar/> and the ubiquitous verbal abuse they send in the direction of women fills up [https://terfisaslur.com/ a whole website] set up solely to archive it.

== 'SWERF' ==

The word ''SWERF'' is a close relative to ''TERF'' and is applied in a similarly dishonest, misrepresenting way. Women (and men who care about women's rights) who are critical of the sex industry for its exploitative nature are accused of being "sex-worker exclusionary" in an attempt to make them seem hateful towards an oppressed group.

In fact, the people slurred as "SWERF" tend to be supporters of the [[Nordic Model]] against prostitution, which sees a high-quality welfare system as a necessary component in tackling prostitution, and in alleviating problems faced by women who would otherwise choose to do prostitution out of economic desperation. Further, many of those slurred "SWERF" tend to be women who worked in prostitution themselves.

Notably, one of the biggest anti-prostitution and anti-pornography feminists [[Andrea Dworkin]] was an ex-prostitute herself, and not ashamed of admitting so. Another notable example is [[Rachel Moran]], who was in prostitution between the ages of 15 and 22, only to become one of the most notable anti-prostitution, pro-Nordic Model activists in recent years.

== Gallery ==

<gallery caption="Discussion of McLean's hate tweet" perrow=3 widths=400px heights=200px>
File:Sonicfox3.jpg | McLean defending his tweet on the grounds that Ronda Rousey is a "TERF" and as such deserving of the violent contempt
File:Sonicfox-copycat1.png | A copycat tweet showing another video game character dying brutally, with the caption "FUCK TERFS"
File:Sonicfox-copycat2.png | Another copycat tweet. The GIF is of [[Wikipedia:Mortal Kombat 11|Mortal Kombat 11]] character [[Wikipedia:Scorpion (Mortal Kombat)|Scorpion]] burning his opponent alive.
</gallery>

<gallery caption="Harassment and vandalism of Vancouver Rape Relief" perrow=3 widths=400px heights=200px>
File:Vrr-vandalism1.jpg | A dead rat nailed to the door frame of VRR
File:Vrr-vandalism2.jpg | The text "KILL TERFS ... TRANS POWER" written on the window
File:Vrr-vandalism3.jpg | The phrases "FUCK TERFS" and "TRANS WOMEN ARE WOMEN" written on the door and window
</gallery>

<gallery caption="Some examples of tweets using 'terf'" perrow=3 widths=400px heights=200px>
File:Terf-gallery-1.png | "terf isn't a slur ... terfs don't deserve rights"
File:Terf-gallery-2.jpg | "All terfs will be arrested on sight"
File:Terf-gallery-3.jpg | "It's [[Wikipedia:Pride Month|Pride]] punch a terf"
File:Terf-gallery-4.png | Putting "terf" right aside "nazi"
File:Terf-gallery-5.png | [[Wikipedia:Arthur Chu|Arthur Chu]] supporting SonicFox's hate speech
File:Terf-gallery-6.png | "Being a TERF is a choice. Like being a Nazi."
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Transgender ideology]]

== External links ==

* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ TERF isn't just a slur, it's hate speech | Feminist Current]
* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/tag/terf/ TERF Archives | Feminist Current]
* [https://speakupforwomen.nz/dont-call-women-terfs/ Don't Call Women 'Terfs' | Speak Up for Women NZ]
* [https://terfisaslur.com/ terfisaslur.com - Documenting the abuse, harassment and misogyny of transgender identity politics]

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=terf-origin>
{{cite web
|url=https://hoydenabouttown.com/2008/08/17/carnivalia-transgenderism-and-the-gender-binary/
|title=Carnivalia, transgenderism and the gender binary
|author=Viv Smythe (aka tigtog)
|date=August 17, 2008
|website=Hoyden About Town
}}
</ref>

<ref name=guardian-smythe>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/29/im-credited-with-having-coined-the-acronym-terf-heres-how-it-happened
|title=I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. Here's how it happened
|author=Viv Smythe (aka tigtog)
|date=November 28, 2018
|website=The Guardian
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-egbert>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/16/defending-the-terf-gender-as-political/
|title=Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political
|author=C.K. Egbert
|date=July 16, 2014
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-ditum>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/29/how-terf-works/
|title=How ‘TERF’ works
|author=Sarah Ditum
|date=July 29, 2014
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vice-robbins>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/7bap7y/whats-the-block-blot-martin-robbins-757
|title=I Am Now Officially a Transphobic Twitter Troll
|author=Martin Robbins
|date=August 8, 2014
|website=Vice
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-white>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/11/10/why-i-no-longer-hate-terfs/
|title=Why I no longer hate ‘TERFs’
|author=Penny White
|date=November 10, 2015
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc-tra-violence>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/05/01/trans-activism-become-centered-justifying-violence-women-time-allies-speak/
|title=Trans activism is excusing & advocating violence against women, and it’s time to speak up
|author=Meghan Murphy
|date=May 1, 2018
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=sonicfox>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2019/05/welcome-age-ironic-bigotry-where-old-hatreds-are-cloaked-woke-new-language
|title=Welcome to the age of ironic bigotry, where old hatreds are cloaked in woke new language
|author=Helen Lewis
|date=May 1, 2019
|website=The New Statesman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rousey-fox>
{{cite web
|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1651451-ronda-rousey-vs-fallon-fox-head-to-toe-breakdown
|title=Ronda Rousey vs. Fallon Fox Head-to-Toe Breakdown
|author=Jordy McElroy
|date=May 25, 2013
|website=Bleacher Report
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rousey-marysue>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.themarysue.com/ronda-rousey-and-transmisogyny/
|title=When Role Models Become Problematic: Ronda Rousey and Transmisogyny
|author=Teresa Jusino
|date=August 3, 2015
|website=The Mary Sue
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fallon-fox>
{{cite web
|url=https://archive.is/yZfcs
|title=After Being TKO’d by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’
|website=Cage Potato
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rousey-reddit>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/GamerGhazi/comments/ah4120/celebrity_terf_ronda_rousey_to_play_sonya_blade/
|title=Celebrity TERF Ronda Rousey to play Sonya Blade in Mortal Kombat 11
|website=reddit
}}
</ref>

<ref name=pov-terf>
{{cite web
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019184351/https://radfemrebecca.wordpress.com/2019/10/06/terfinmymentions/amp/
|title=“This is what I want to do to you” – Dissecting the ‘POV ur a TERF in my mentions’ trend.
|author=Rebecca
|date=October 6, 2019
|website=radfemrebecca.wordpress.com
}}
</ref>

<ref name=medium-izaguirre>
{{cite web
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527135844/https://medium.com/@laura.izaguirre/resisting-terfs-and-transforming-their-organizations-95cd21714fc8
|title=Resisting TERF's and Transforming Their Organizations (Archived from Medium.com)
|author=Laura Izaguirre
|date=May 26, 2020
|website=Medium.com
}}
</ref>

<ref name=wp-izaguirre>
{{cite web
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528035805/https://queeratxlaura.wordpress.com/2020/05/27/resisting-terfs-and-transforming-their-organizations/
|title=Resisting TERF's and Transforming Their Organizations (Archived from WordPress.com)
|author=Laura Izaguirre
|date=May 28, 2020
|website=WordPress
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vwl>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/02/07/vancouver-womens-library-opens-amid-anti-feminist-backlash/
|title=Vancouver Women’s Library opens amid anti-feminist backlash
|author=Meghan Murphy
|date=February 7, 2017
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=guardian>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/oct/26/woman-punched-in-brawl-between-transgender-activists-and-radical-feminists
|title=Suspects sought after brawl between transgender activists and radical feminists
|author=Press Association
|date=October 26, 2017
|website=The Guardian
}}
</ref>

<ref name=statesman1>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2018/04/madness-our-gender-debate-where-feminists-defend-slapping-60-year-old
|title=The madness of our gender debate, where feminists defend slapping a 60-year-old woman
|author=Helen Lewis
|date=April 20, 2018
|website=NewStatesman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=statesman2>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2017/09/trans-rights-terfs-and-bruised-60-year-old-what-happened-speakers-corner
|title=Trans rights, TERFs, and a bruised 60-year-old: what happened at Speakers’ Corner?
|author=Anoosh Chakelian
|date=September 14, 2017
|website=NewStatesman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=telegraph>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/12/radical-feminist-warned-refer-transgender-defendant-assault/
|title=Radical feminist warned to refer to transgender defendant as a 'she' during assault case
|author=Victoria Ward
|date=April 12, 2018
|website=The Telegraph
}}
</ref>

<ref name=times1>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/transgender-activist-denies-thumping-radical-feminist-wvzgq6fx7
|title=Transgender activist Tara Wolf denies thumping radical feminist
|author=Lucy Bannerman
|date=April 12, 2018
|website=The Times
}}
</ref>

<ref name=times2>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trans-attacker-tara-wolf-is-a-thug-says-feminist-maria-maclachlan-pq0bwvthv
|title=Trans attacker is a thug, says feminist
|author=Lucy Bannerman
|date=April 14, 2018
|website=The Times
}}
</ref>

<ref name=standard>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/transgender-activist-tara-wolf-fined-150-for-assaulting-exclusionary-radical-feminist-in-hyde-park-a3813856.html
|title=Transgender activist Tara Wolf fined £150 for assaulting 'exclusionary' radical feminist in Hyde Park
|author=Martin Coulter
|date=April 13, 2018
|website=EveningStandard
}}
</ref>

<ref name=dailymail>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5613057/Model-punched-feminist-smashed-120-camera-violent-brawl-walks-free-court.html
|title=Transgender model who punched feminist and smashed her £120 camera in violent brawl at Hyde Park Speakers' Corner protest walks free from court
|author=Bridie Pearson-jones
|date=April 13, 2018
|website=MailOnline
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc1>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/15/historic-speakers-corner-becomes-site-anti-feminist-silencing-violence/
|title=Historic Speaker’s Corner becomes site of anti-feminist silencing and violence
|author=Meghan Murphy
|date=September 15, 2017
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fc2>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/04/27/trans-identified-male-tara-wolf-charged-assault-hyde-park-attack/
|title=Trans-identified male, Tara Wolf, convicted of assault after Hyde Park attack
|author=Jen Izaakson
|date=April 27, 2018
|website=Feminist Current
}}
</ref>

<ref name=rivers>
{{cite web
|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2018/03/07/transgender-activist-trial-oakland-triple-murder/
|title=Transgender Activist Ordered To Stand Trial For Oakland Triple Murder
|date=March 7, 2018
|website=CBS SF BayArea
}}
</ref>

<ref name=camptrans>
{{cite web
|url=http://eminism.org/michigan/20000812-camptrans.txt
|title='MICHIGAN EIGHT' EVICTED OVER FESTIVAL'S NEW 'DON'T ASK DON'T TELL' GENDER POLICY
|date=August 12, 2000
}}
</ref>

<ref name=autostraddle>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/more-bad-news-oakland-lesbian-couple-and-their-son-brutally-murdered-by-former-lgbt-activist-359026/
|title=Oakland Lesbian Couple and Their Son Murdered By Former LGBT Activist
|author=Riese
|date=November 16, 2016
|website=Autostraddle
}}
</ref>

<ref name=edinburgh>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/crime/feminist-speaker-julie-bindel-attacked-by-transgender-person-at-edinburgh-university-after-talk-1-4942260
|title=Feminist speaker Julie Bindel 'attacked by transgender person' at Edinburgh University after talk
|author=Gina Davidson
|date=June 6, 2019
|website=The Scotsman
}}
</ref>

<ref name=planettrans>
{{cite web
|url=https://planettransgender.com/when-terf-attack-at-hyde-park/
|title=Trans Activists Vilified For Defense against TERF Attack at Hyde Park
|author=Kelli Busey
|date=September 18, 2017
|website=Planet Transgender
}}
</ref>

<ref name=queerness>
{{cite web
|url=https://thequeerness.com/2017/09/29/trial-by-media-over-speakers-corner-fracas/
|title=Trial by media over Speakers’ Corner fracas
|author=Sam Hope
|date=September 29, 2017
|website=The Queerness
}}
</ref>

<ref name=jamjar>
{{cite web
|url=https://twitter.com/magdalenberns/status/988003582250291201
|title=Masked transactivists surround woman on stairwell
|author=Magdalen Berns
|date=April 22, 2018
|website=Twitter
}}
</ref>

<ref name=dhejne>
{{cite web
|url=https://fairplayforwomen.com/criminality/
|title=Study suggests that transwomen exhibit a male pattern of criminality
|date=September 8, 2018
|website=Fair Play For Women
}}
</ref>

<ref name=wpcrime>
{{cite web
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime#Statistics
|title=Sex differences in crime
|website=Wikipedia
|access-date=May 31, 2019
}}
</ref>

<ref name=freedman>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-46454454
|title=Rosa Freedman: Professor's door 'covered in urine' after gender law debate
|date=December 5, 2018
|website=BBC News
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-fb>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.facebook.com/VancouverRapeRelief/posts/710603379412445
|title=Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter - Facebook
|date=August 16, 2019
|website=Facebook
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-twitter>
{{cite web
|url=https://twitter.com/VanRapeRelief/status/1166426534321647616
|title=VancouverRapeRelief on Twitter
|date=August 26, 2019
|website=Twitter
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-vancouverisawesome>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2019/08/28/vancouver-rape-relief-centre-targeted-vandalism-threats-transgender-controversy/
|title=Vancouver Rape Relief centre targeted with vandalism, threats over transgender controversy
|author=Jessica Kerr
|date=August 28, 2019
|website=Vancouver is Awesome
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-nationalreview>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/08/women-only-rape-relief-shelter-defunded-then-vandalized/
|title=Women-Only Rape-Relief Shelter Defunded, Then Vandalized
|author=Madeleine Kearns
|date=August 28, 2019
|website=National Review
}}
</ref>

<ref name=vrr-citynews>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/08/27/vancouver-rape-relief-centre-vandalized-likely-over-restrictions-for-transgender-people/
|title=Vancouver Rape Relief centre vandalized, likely over restrictions for transgender people
|author=Jonathan Szekeres and Lauren Boothby
|date=Aug 27, 2019
|website=City News
}}
</ref>

</references>



[[pt:TERF]]

Sarah Ditum

2020-11-18T05:05:36Z

Technician:

'''Sarah Ditum''' is a British [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] and writer. She is a columnist for various British newspapers and also writes for many other publications, including [[Feminist Current]].

On her website she describes herself as: ''I'm a columnist, critic and feature writer with bylines at the New Statesman, the Guardian, the Spectator, the Independent, Eurogamer, Stylist, Grazia, Elle and more. Regular TV and radio appearances, including Newsnight and Today. Available for teaching and talks. Anti-fun feminist. Represented by [http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/juliet-pickering/ Juliet Pickering at Blake Friedman].''

== References ==

Personal blog:

* https://sarahditum.com/

Twitter profile:

* https://twitter.com/sarahditum

Author profile on various publications:

* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sarah-ditum The Guardian]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/author/sarah-ditum The Independent]
* [https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/sarah_ditum The New Statesman]
* [https://www.spectator.co.uk/writer/sarah-ditum The Spectator]

{{stub}}

Detransitioner

2020-11-18T05:05:28Z

Technician:

A '''detransitioner''' is a person who previously identified as transgender, possibly to the point of undergoing [[hormone replacement therapy]] and other medical procedures such as a [[double mastectomy]]. There seems to be a rise in the number of detransitioners, especially among women, probably in relation to the rise in cases of [[rapid-onset gender dysphoria]], transgender identification as a social trend, or transgender identification as a new type of coping mechanism against sex stereotypes.


[[pt:Destransicionado]]

{{stub}}

Rapid-onset gender dysphoria

2020-11-18T05:05:20Z

Technician:

'''Rapid-onset gender dysphoria''' refers to the phenomenon in which a young person (child to young adult) seems to develop [[gender dysphoria]] rather rapidly, without any prior history hinting to the condition. It's been suggested that an element of [[social contagion]] is at play, similar to how [[Eating disorder|eating disorders]] sometimes seem to spread among young female populations in a viral manner.



[[pt:Disforia de gênero de surgimento repentino]]

{{stub}}

Pay Gap

2020-11-18T05:05:14Z

Technician:

There is a pay gap between many different groups including women and people of colour. The pay gap has been shrinking but is still a significant disparity. Often women find it much harder to get promotions and raises than their male counterparts. Aggression in the workplace and elsewhere is frowned upon in women which makes it harder to get higher level jobs. Women of colour have these troubles doubled.

== Further reading ==
# https://www.payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap



[[pt:Diferença salarial]]

{{stub}}

Anti-prostitution feminism

2020-11-18T05:05:07Z

Technician:

'''Anti-prostitution feminism''' refers to [[feminism|feminist]] activism focused on ending women's exploitation through the sex trade. Anti-prostitution feminists support the [[Nordic Model]], which sees prostitution as being inherently exploitative and an affront to women's human rights. Notable anti-prostitution feminists include [[Melissa Farley]], [[Rachel Moran]], [[Andrea Dworkin]], [[Julie Bindel]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], and [[Gail Dines]]. Anti-prostitution overlaps with [[anti-pornography feminism]], which focuses on the harms of the [[pornography]] industry, including the effects of pornographic media on society.



[[pt:Feminismo anti-prostituição]]

{{stub}}

Sex

2020-11-18T05:04:54Z

Technician:

In biology, '''sex''' refers to the categorization of organisms (or their parts) with regard to the role they play in reproduction. When a species reproduces sexually, it usually does so by producing one of two types of gamete that have to come together to form a new member of the species. One type of gamete is large and non-mobile (ova), whereas the other type is small and motile (sperm). When an organism or an organ produces large and non-mobile gametes, it is called '''female'''. If it produces small and motile gametes, it is called '''male'''.

In most mammals, in particular humans, female members of the species can be identified by having two X chromosomes, ovaries, a uterus and a vagina. The ovaries produce ova (also called egg cells), which may be fertilized by a sperm to become a zygote. The zygote rapidly divides to form an blastocyst; this moves along the oviduct (fallopian tube) to the uterus where it becomes implanted in the uterine lining. In addition to the embryo proper, the fetal membranes and placenta are all formed from the cells of the blastocyst i.e. come from the zygote. The developing embryo develops into a fetus, and ultimately a baby which is brought to the world through the vaginal canal. Males can be identified by having an X and a Y chromosome, testes (testicles) and a penis. The testes produce sperm, which are ejaculated into the vagina during sexual intercourse, from where they might travel towards the ova to fertilize them.

Some disorders may cause a person not to develop typical sex organs. The umbrella term [[intersex]] covers persons who show ambiguity in their sex due to such a disorder. Intersex is a disputed term, with some people preferring Diferences (or Disorders) of Sex Development (DSDs). Only 0.018% of all new-borns have genitalia which us truly ambiguous, such babies used to have their sex assigned at birth (this is where the phrase originates) based on the "best guess" of the attending medics. Often this assignment would include surgery - Intersex Genital Mutilation (IGM). The sex in these rare cases is now determined after careful diagnostics tests, and any reassignment surgery is usually not performed until the individual can make informed consent.

Some legal systems also classify people according to sex. Under such systems, a person's legal sex may not correspond to their biological sex, because of errors in documentation, or because of legal sex-change procedures that may be allowed for [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] people. Some systems allow a third sex category for those who don't want to be legally identified as female or male, either because they have an intersex condition, or because they claim to have a [[gender identity]] that is [[non-binary]].

<gallery caption="Images (click to enlarge)" perrow=2 widths=300px heights=400px>
File:Sex Explained by DrFondOfBeetles.jpg | A very long Twitter thread by @DrFondOfBeetles in which we see binary sex across a wide spectrum of species.
File:Sex Explained by NastySmurfette.jpg | A handy graphic by @NastySmurfette which might further clear up your confusion.
</gallery>

== Links ==

* https://twitter.com/FondOfBeetles/status/1133120326844506112
* https://twitter.com/NastySmurfette/status/1123635007615115264



[[pt:Sexo]]

{{stub}}

Gender essentialism

2020-11-18T05:04:34Z

Technician:

'''Gender essentialism''' refers to the belief that women and men have a certain essence to their personality in connection with their gender. Concrete examples include the belief that women are gentler, more passive, more easily frightened, and so on, whereas men are stronger, more active, more courageous, and so on. In other words, gender essentialism is the belief that traditional [[gender roles]] and [[gender stereotypes]] are inherent and natural to the sexes.

Feminists are strongly opposed to gender essentialism, as it's used by conservatives to argue that sexist social hierarchies are natural and inevitable.

The concept of [[gender identity]] which forms part of the basis of [[transgender ideology]] is arguably a reformulation of gender essentialism, which is why many feminists oppose it.

Trans activists frequently use the misnomer "biological essentialism" when arguing against the reality of biological sex. They say that it is "biological essentialism" (and therefore somehow bad) to argue that women, by definition, are anatomically female humans. This might in fact be a form of [[Wikipedia:Psychological projection|projection]] resulting from the unwillingness to acknowledge the criticism of their own gender essentialism.



[[pt:Essencialismo de gênero]]

{{stub}}

Gender identity

2020-11-18T05:04:21Z

Technician:

'''Gender identity''' refers to a person's subjective feeling that they "are" a certain gender, such as a woman, a man, or non-binary. The concept forms one of the core tenets of [[transgender ideology]], where the feeling of having a certain gender identity counts as proof that one literally ''is'' of that gender. This notion is strongly criticized by feminists on grounds of its [[gender essentialism|gender essentialist]] implications, as well as on the grounds that it erodes women's rights by eliminating any useful definition of what a woman is in the first place.

[[pt:Identidade de gênero]]

{{stub}}

Feminist Current

2020-11-18T05:03:46Z

Technician:

Template:Stub

2020-11-18T05:03:35Z

Technician:

<hr/>

'''This article has little content. You can help FeministWiki by expanding it. Fill out the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Form] to become an editor.'''

Feminist Current

2020-11-18T05:03:19Z

Technician:

'''Feminist Current''' is a Canadian [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] news and commentary website as well as podcast founded by [[Meghan Murphy]] in 2012.

== External links ==

* https://feministcurrent.com/

<hr/>

'''This article has little content. You can help FeministWiki by expanding it. Fill out the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Form] to become an editor.'''

Template:Stub

2020-11-18T05:00:55Z

Technician:

'''This article has little content. You can help FeministWiki by expanding it. Fill out the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Form] to become an editor.'''
<hr/>

Feminist Current

2020-11-18T04:58:56Z

Technician: Created page with "{{stub}} '''Feminist Current''' is a Canadian radical feminist news and commentary website as well as podcast founded by Meghan Murphy in 2012. == E..."

{{stub}}

'''Feminist Current''' is a Canadian [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] news and commentary website as well as podcast founded by [[Meghan Murphy]] in 2012.

== External links ==

* https://feministcurrent.com/

Meghan Murphy

2020-11-18T04:56:58Z

Technician: typo

''TODO: Clean up broken links, check for Wikipedian bias since the content was copied from there.''

<hr/>

'''Meghan Emily Murphy''' is a Canadian writer, journalist, and founder of ''Feminist Current'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://ravishly.com/contributors/4938 |website=Ravishly |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111629/https://ravishly.com/contributors/4938 |url-status=live }}</ref> a feminist [[website]] and [[podcast]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manchester |first1=Julia |title=Self-described feminist banned from Twitter says platform is setting 'dangerous' precedent |url=https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/420033-self-described-feminist-banned-from-twitter-says-platform-is-setting-a |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421012040/https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/420033-self-described-feminist-banned-from-twitter-says-platform-is-setting-a |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Davidson_May2019>{{cite web|last1=Davidson|first1=Gina|title=Canadian feminist Meghan Murphy 'won't be silenced' in Scotland|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/canadian-feminist-meghan-murphy-won-t-be-silenced-in-scotland-1-4930060|work=[[The Scotsman]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720093525/https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/canadian-feminist-meghan-murphy-won-t-be-silenced-in-scotland-1-4930060|url-status=live}}</ref> Her writing, speeches, and talks have criticized [[third-wave feminism]], male feminists, the [[sex industry]], [[exploitation of women in mass media]], [[censorship]], and [[gender identity]] legislation.

Based in [[Vancouver]], Murphy has written for [[CBC News]], ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', the ''[[National Post]]'', [[rabble.ca]], the ''[[New Statesman]]'', and ''[[Quillette]]'', among other media outlets.

== Early life and education ==

From 2004, she attended [[Simon Fraser University]] (SFU) and in 2010 obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Women's Studies]]. In 2012, she completed a master's degree in Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies, also at SFU.<ref>{{cite web |author=Graduate Alumni |title=MA – Course Based |url=https://www.sfu.ca/gsws/people/Alumni/Graduate_Alumni.html |website=Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111620/https://www.sfu.ca/gsws/people/Alumni/Graduate_Alumni.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism ===

Murphy began her journalism career in 2009, working for the Vancouver-based F Word Feminist Media Collective; writing until 2012 for its blog, ''The F Word'', and as a host, producer, and editor of its radio program.<ref>{{cite web |title=The F-Word Media Collective |url=https://www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/1274 |website=Grassroots Feminism |date=2012 |access-date=2019-05-04 |archive-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504042742/https://www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/1274 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The F Word |title=Occupy Valentine's Day! |url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2012/02/occupy-valentines-day |publisher=[[rabble.ca]] |date=February 14, 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504052143/http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2012/02/occupy-valentines-day |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The F Word |title=Women and skepticism |url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2009/12/women-and-skepticism |publisher=[[rabble.ca]] |date=December 17, 2009 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504052138/http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2009/12/women-and-skepticism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> In 2011, she began writing regularly for [[rabble.ca]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=http://rabble.ca/category/bios/meghan-murphy |website=[[rabble.ca]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055534/http://rabble.ca/category/bios/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> and worked as rabble's podcast network producer from November 2012, and evening editor from 2013, until February 2016. In 2012 she undertook a [[practicum]] at ''[[The Tyee]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Does Simon Fraser University Need a Men's Centre? |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/ |website=[[The Tyee]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083233/https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her work has appeared in numerous publications, including ''[[The Vancouver Observer]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.vancouverobserver.com/contributors/meghan-murphy |website=[[The Vancouver Observer]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615084804/https://www.vancouverobserver.com/contributors/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CBC News]],<ref name=Spa_CBC>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Why a women-only spa in Toronto should not change its policy to accept trans women |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/women-only-spa-counterpoint-1.4170158 |website=[[CBC News]] |date=June 21, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111618/https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/women-only-spa-counterpoint-1.4170158 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/meghan-murphy--.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=2013 |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111014/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/meghan-murphy--.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[New Statesman]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/319993 |work=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083510/https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/319993 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/contributor/meghan-murphy |website=[[Vice Media|Vice]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191442/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/contributor/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=There's nothing 'safe' about silencing dissent |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/theres-nothing-safe-about-silencing-dissent/article23667724/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 28, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224145026/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/theres-nothing-safe-about-silencing-dissent/article23667724/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[National Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Meghan Murphy: The problem with the 'I am a feminist' campaign |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-the-problem-with-the-i-am-a-feminist-campaign |work=[[National Post]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=January 27, 2019 |archive-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-the-problem-with-the-i-am-a-feminist-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]'',<ref name=Murphy25Oct2016>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=OPINION: Bill C-16 is flawed in ways most Canadians have not considered |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/10/25/opinion/opinion-bill-c-16-flawed-ways-most-canadians-have-not-considered |website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]] |date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234622/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/10/25/opinion/opinion-bill-c-16-flawed-ways-most-canadians-have-not-considered |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[xoJane]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.xojane.com/author/meghan-murphy |website=[[xoJane]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616135828/https://www.xojane.com/author/meghan-murphy |archivedate=June 16, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Walrus]]'',<ref name=Walrus8April2017>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Our Own Worst Enemies |url=https://thewalrus.ca/our-own-worst-enemies/ |work=[[The Walrus]] |date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083301/https://thewalrus.ca/our-own-worst-enemies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Quillette]]'',<ref name=quillette-author>{{cite web|title=Author: Meghan Murphy|url=https://quillette.com/author/meghan-murphy/|work=[[Quillette]]|date=February 6, 2019|access-date=November 2, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004429/https://quillette.com/author/meghan-murphy/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the German feminist magazine ''[[EMMA (magazine)|EMMA]]''.<ref name=emma-murphy>{{cite web |author=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/meghan-murphy-freiwillig-entfremdet-333907 |title=Meghan Murphy: Freiwillig entfremdet |work=EMMA |date=12 December 2016 |language=German |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141232/https://www.emma.de/artikel/meghan-murphy-freiwillig-entfremdet-333907 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Feminist Current'' ===

Murphy founded the ''[[Feminist Current]]'' website and podcast in 2012.<ref name="Kleiman3Dec2012">{{cite web|url=https://cdnba.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/the-final-results-for-the-2012-canadian-blog-awards/|title=The Final Results for the 2012 Canadian Blog Awards|last1=Kleiman|first1=Jonathan|date=3 December 2012|website=Canadian Blog Awards|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125915/https://cdnba.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/the-final-results-for-the-2012-canadian-blog-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> Describing itself as "Canada's leading feminist website", its mission is to "provide a unique perspective on male violence against women, pop culture, politics, current events, sexuality, gender, and many other issues that are often underrepresented or misrepresented by mainstream, progressive, and feminist media sources".<ref name="fc-about">{{cite web|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/about/|title=Launched in July 2012, Feminist Current is Canada's leading feminist website.|website=Feminist Current|access-date=2018-06-08|archive-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606024533/https://www.feministcurrent.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Views on trigger warnings, sexism, contemporary feminism and sex work ===

Murphy has argued that [[trigger warning]]s amount to censorship,<ref name=slowslide>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Meghan Murphy: A slow slide into censorship|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-a-slow-slide-into-censorship|work=[[National Post]]|date=May 12, 2014|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-a-slow-slide-into-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> written about ageism within feminism,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=Kicking against our foremothers: does feminism have an ageism problem? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2014/02/kicking-against-our-foremothers-does-feminism-have-ageism-problem |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=26 February 2014 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125816/https://www.newstatesman.com/2014/02/kicking-against-our-foremothers-does-feminism-have-ageism-problem |url-status=live }}</ref> criticized [[liberal feminism]],<ref name=FreedomF>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kiraly|editor1-first=Miranda|editor2-last=Tyler|editor2-first=Meagan|title=Freedom Fallacy: The Limits of Liberal Feminism|date=2015|publisher=[[Connor Court Publishing]]|location=Brisbane, Queensland|pages=17–24|chapter='I do what I want, fuck yeah!': moving beyond 'woman's choice', by Meghan Murphy|isbn=978-1925138542}}</ref> supported the [[MeToo movement]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=Yes, you too |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/16/yes-you-too/ |website=Feminist Current |date=16 October 2017 |accessdate=4 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171107222722/http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/16/yes-you-too/ |archivedate=7 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and questioned whether men can be feminists.<ref name=NYT8June2014>{{cite web |last1=Flanagin |first1=Jake |title=Is It Possible to Be a Male Feminist? |url=https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/is-it-possible-to-be-a-male-feminist/ |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 8, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005053/https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/is-it-possible-to-be-a-male-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=The problem with male feminists |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/problem-male-feminists-180712071916509.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=14 July 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104082521/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/problem-male-feminists-180712071916509.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
She has also argued that anti-bullying campaigns ignore sexism and the way young men are taught to view women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berlatsky |first1=Noah |title=Bullying |date=2015 |publisher=[[Greenhaven Press]] |location=Farmington Hills, MI |page=107 |chapter=Antibullying Campaigns Ignore Sexism Against Girls and Women, by Meghan Murphy |isbn=978-0737772111}}</ref> She has lambasted feminist group [[Femen]], who, she argued in 2013, was "making feminism palatable for the [[male gaze]]", presenting "a vision of female liberation that looks like a sexy, naked, thin, white, blonde woman".<ref name=Alonso22July2013>{{cite web|author=Sporenda|url=http://www.isabelle-alonso.com/meghan-murphy-balance/|title=Interview n°7: Meghan Murphy|website=Isabelle Alonso|date=22 July 2013|language=French|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125819/http://www.isabelle-alonso.com/meghan-murphy-balance/|url-status=live}}</ref> (For an English translation of the Isabelle Alonso interview, see {{cite web|author=Sporenda |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2013/08/02/interview-meghan-murphy-on-the-sex-industry-individualism-online-feminism-and-the-third-wave/ |title=Interview: Meghan Murphy on the sex industry, individualism, online feminism, and the third wave |website=Feminist Current |date=August 2, 2013}})
In January 2017, Murphy argued, in the context of a ''[[Washington Post]]'' editorial praising men for taking part in the [[2017 Women's March]], against making concessions to men to make them feel comfortable within feminism. It is not women who need to adapt, she wrote:

<blockquote>Women are not targeted by men walking alone at night, in their homes, at work, in bars, or in any of the other myriad of places women are attacked, harassed, and raped, because they are passive, wear high heels, have long hair, wear dresses, or behave in other "feminine" ways, but because they are female. Female children are not prostituted or abused by adult men because they identify with "femininity", but because of the sex class they were born into. Girls are ''feminized'', not "feminine" by choice or because of some kind of internal, unchangeable personality flaw that turns them into victims.<ref name=Sainato22Jan2017>{{cite web |last1=Sainato |first1=Michael |last2=Skojec |first2=Chelsea |title=Washington Post Insults Women's March, Stealth Edits Article |url=https://observer.com/2017/01/washington-post-insults-womens-march-stealth-edits-article/ |website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]] |date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111618/https://observer.com/2017/01/washington-post-insults-womens-march-stealth-edits-article/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Murphy has criticized [[third-wave feminism]] as well, interpreting it as a backlash against [[Second-wave feminism|second-wave]] and [[radical feminism]]. For example, she has criticized [[Slutwalk]] and the attempt to reclaim a word that has been used to shame women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=We're Sluts, Not Feminists. Wherein my relationship with Slutwalk gets rocky. |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2011/05/07/were-sluts-not-feminists-wherein-my-relationship-with-slutwalk-gets-rocky/ |website=Feminist Current |date=May 7, 2011 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214728/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2011/05/07/were-sluts-not-feminists-wherein-my-relationship-with-slutwalk-gets-rocky/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Kaitlynn |title=SlutWalk: Feminism, Activism and Media |date=2015 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=95 |isbn=978-1137378903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFEMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |access-date=2018-06-14 |archive-date=2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFEMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been broadly critical of sex-positive feminism, observing in 2013: "That whole burlesque/sex work is empowering/feminist porn aspect of the third wave is making a mockery of the movement."<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> More generally, she has said certain contemporary movements are "cult-like" in their efforts to shut down debates by calling people "phobic" (such as "whorephobic") or accusing them of "shaming" (as in "kink-shaming") if they fail to "toe the party line".<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> In 2013, she called [[Twitter]] "a horrible place for feminism ... intellectual laziness is encouraged, oversimplification is mandatory, posturing is de rigueur, and bullying is rewarded".<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Maureen |title=Can Feminist Hashtags 'Dismantle the State'? |url=https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/can-feminist-hashtags-dismantle-the-state.html |website=[[New York (magazine)|The Cut]] |date=23 December 2013 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125911/https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/can-feminist-hashtags-dismantle-the-state.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Murphy is highly critical of the [[Sex industry|sex]] and [[porn industry]], which she regards as "inherently misogynistic and exploitative". When [[Hugh Hefner]] died in 2017, Murphy called him a "billionaire who profited from women's subordination".<ref name=NYT28Sept2017>{{cite web |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |title=Celebrities Remember Hugh Hefner for More Than Just the Articles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/hugh-hefner-playboy-celebrities.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235012/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/hugh-hefner-playboy-celebrities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with CBC Radio's ''[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]]'' in 2018, she argued that [[sex doll]]s may reduce men's empathy for women by presenting women as, literally, objects.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Connie |title=Sex doll brothel turns 'women into objects', says critic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-august-30-2018-1.4804483/sex-doll-brothel-turns-women-into-objects-says-critic-1.4804494 |website=[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]] |publisher=[[CBC Radio One]] |date=30 August 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212092844/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-august-30-2018-1.4804483/sex-doll-brothel-turns-women-into-objects-says-critic-1.4804494 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has written about her support for the [[Prostitution in Sweden|Nordic model]], in which buying, not selling, sex is illegal.<ref name=Quillette23April2018>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Canada's Twitter Mobs and Left-Wing Hypocrisy |url=https://quillette.com/2018/04/23/canadas-twitter-mobs-left-wing-hypocrisy/ |website=[[Quillette]] |date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111619/https://quillette.com/2018/04/23/canadas-twitter-mobs-left-wing-hypocrisy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MurphyGlobe3June2013>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=A prostitution solution: Outlaw the customers, not the hookers |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-prostitution-solution-outlaw-the-customers-not-the-hookers/article12306020/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514165953/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-prostitution-solution-outlaw-the-customers-not-the-hookers/article12306020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She told [[Mic (media company)|Mic]] in 2015 that this includes public education, a strong welfare state, retraining police officers, and offering exit services for women.<ref name=Aleem13March2015>{{cite web |last1=Aleem |first1=Zeeshan |url=https://mic.com/articles/112814/here-s-what-s-happened-in-sweden-16-years-since-decriminalizing-prostitution |title=16 Years Since Decriminalizing Prostitution, Here's What's Happening in Sweden |website=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]] |date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004223449/https://mic.com/articles/112814/here-s-what-s-happened-in-sweden-16-years-since-decriminalizing-prostitution |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also been criticized by other feminists for her opposition to decriminalizing sex work.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balkidsoon |first=Denise |title=The targeting of other women shows Meghan Murphy is no feminist |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-the-targeting-of-other-women-shows-meghan-murphy-is-no-feminist/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029040558/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-the-targeting-of-other-women-shows-meghan-murphy-is-no-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political views ==

Murphy identifies as a [[Socialist feminism|socialist feminist]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murphy |first1 = Meghan |title=You can't cancel the truth |url=https://spectator.us/cant-cancel-truth-canceled-meghan-murphy/ |work=[[The Spectator]] |date=February 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831155607/https://spectator.us/cant-cancel-truth-canceled-meghan-murphy/ |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Opposition to transgender activism ===

==== rabble.ca ====

Murphy contributed as an editor and writer for Canadian online magazine ''[[rabble.ca]]'' beginning in 2011. In 2015, Murphy challenged a photograph of [[Laverne Cox]]'s nude body in a magazine as being "defined by a patriarchal/porn culture, through plastic surgery" and "a sexualized object for public consumption".<ref name=LCox>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Laverne Cox's objectified body 'empowers' no one|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/04/22/laverne-coxs-objectified-body-empowers-no-one/|website=Feminist Current|date=April 22, 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120142/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/04/22/laverne-coxs-objectified-body-empowers-no-one/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, a ''[[Change.org]]'' petition was created in May 2015 by sex workers' lobby group Maggie's Toronto, accusing her of racism and using transphobic language, and demanding that ''rabble'' end Murphy's association with the site.<ref name=Bindel_Oct2015>{{cite web |last1=Bindel |first1=Julie |title=No platform: my exclusion proves this is an anti-feminist crusade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/09/no-platform-universities-julie-bindel-exclusion-anti-feminist-crusade |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111124/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/09/no-platform-universities-julie-bindel-exclusion-anti-feminist-crusade |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Greer3Nov2016/> The petition was countered by a collective open letter in solidarity with Murphy signed by 22 international feminist organizations and over 215 individuals.<ref name=Sisyphe>{{cite web|title=Open letter to rabble.ca - Support Meghan Murphy suffered a misogynist campaign by the sex industry lobby|url=http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article5098|website=Sisyphe.org|date=11 May 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728050047/http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article5098|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Change.org'' petition was rejected by ''rabble''.<ref name=rabblepetition>{{cite web|title=Statement on review of Meghan Murphy petitions|url=http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/rabble-staff/2015/05/statement-on-review-meghan-murphy-petitions|website=[[rabble.ca]]|date=May 14, 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719151632/http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/rabble-staff/2015/05/statement-on-review-meghan-murphy-petitions|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, in October 2016 Murphy quit ''rabble.ca'' after an article critical of the language [[Planned Parenthood]] had used to address women, referring to them as "menstruators",<ref name=menstruators>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Are we women or are we menstruators? |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/09/07/are-we-women-or-are-we-menstruators/ |website=Feminist Current |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125907/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/09/07/are-we-women-or-are-we-menstruators/ |url-status=live }} (first published in ''[[rabble.ca]]'')</ref> had been published and then removed without informing her.<ref name=MMFacebook>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Hi friends. Just an overdue update|url=https://www.facebook.com/meghanemilymurphy/posts/10153849501632343|website=[[Facebook]]|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728052830/https://www.facebook.com/meghanemilymurphy/posts/10153849501632343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Greer3Nov2016">{{cite web |last1=Greer |first1=Darryl |url=http://www.canadalandshow.com/writer-quits-rabble/ |title=Writer Quits Rabble Over Pulled Blog |website=[[Canadaland]] |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142636/http://www.canadalandshow.com/writer-quits-rabble/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Editor Michael Stewart felt that it had used transphobic language and gone against ''rabble''{{'}}s journalistic policy. In an email to Murphy, ''rabble''{{'}}s publisher, Kim Elliott, stated that "the piece denie[d] the gendered identity of trans men who menstruate by implying that if a person has ovaries and a uterus, they are by virtue of those biological markers, a woman".<ref name=Greer3Nov2016 />

==== Opposition to gender identity legislation ====

Murphy is critical of gender identity legislation.<ref name=Spa_CBC /><ref name=WFHB>{{cite web|title=Interchange – Sex Politics: Meghan Murphy and the Feminist Current|url=https://wfhb.org/news/interchange-sex-politics-meghan-murphy-and-the-feminist-current/|website=[[WFHB]]|date=March 20, 2018|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135842/https://wfhb.org/news/interchange-sex-politics-meghan-murphy-and-the-feminist-current/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WomanPlace>{{cite web|title=Authenticity & empathy: Meghan Murphy|url=https://womansplaceuk.org/2019/05/28/meghan-murphy-authenticity-empathy/|website=Woman's Place UK (WPUK)|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135837/https://womansplaceuk.org/2019/05/28/meghan-murphy-authenticity-empathy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Spectator22July>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=The Yaniv scandal is the end-product of trans activism|url=https://spectator.us/yaniv-scandal-end-product-trans-activism/|work=[[The Spectator]]|date=July 22, 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724202703/https://spectator.us/yaniv-scandal-end-product-trans-activism/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CTV>{{cite web|author=CTV Vancouver|title=Trans advocates rally against controversial feminist speaker Meghan Murphy|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trans-advocates-rally-against-controversial-feminist-speaker-meghan-murphy-1.4249890|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 11, 2019|accessdate=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724103807/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trans-advocates-rally-against-controversial-feminist-speaker-meghan-murphy-1.4249890|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2017, Murphy appeared before the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]], together with Hilla Kerner of the [[Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter]], to oppose [[Bill C-16]], which encoded [[gender identity]] and [[gender expression]] into Canadian law. She told the Senate: "Treating gender as though it is either internal or a personal choice is dangerous and completely misunderstands how and why women are oppressed under patriarchy as a class of people ... The rights of women and girls are being pushed aside to accommodate a trend."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgOLs_cEKi0|title="Meghan Murphy Presents a Feminist Case Against Bill C-16" |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=Senate10May2017>{{cite web |title=The Standing Senate Committee On Legal and Constitutional Affairs – Evidence |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/Committee/421/LCJC/53308-e |website=[[Senate of Canada]] |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104085527/https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/Committee/421/LCJC/53308-e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Legal and Constitutional Affairs – Meeting Detail |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Committees/LCJC/NoticeOfMeeting/452675/42-1 |website=[[Senate of Canada]] |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140638/https://sencanada.ca/en/Committees/LCJC/NoticeOfMeeting/452675/42-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tasker">{{cite web |last1=Tasker |first1=John Paul |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-female-born-spaces-1.4110634 |title=Transgender rights bill threatens 'female-born' women's spaces, activists say |website=[[CBC News]] |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=May 12, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529005257/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-female-born-spaces-1.4110634 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Robertson">{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Dylan C |title=Senate committee rejects motion to narrow trans bill's scope |url=https://www.dailyxtra.com/senate-committee-rejects-motion-to-narrow-trans-bills-scope-73581 |website=[[Daily Xtra]] |date=May 30, 2017 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054741/https://www.dailyxtra.com/senate-committee-rejects-motion-to-narrow-trans-bills-scope-73581 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, she was invited to speak before the [[Scottish Parliament]] regarding gender identity laws and their impact on women's rights.<ref name=BBC22May>{{Cite web|title=Twitter-ban feminist defends transgender views ahead of Holyrood meeting|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48366184|website=[[BBC News]]|date=22 May 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004440/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48366184|url-status=live}}</ref> At their public meeting in London,<ref name=Sitwell>{{cite web|last1=Sitwell|first1=Ros|title=Hundreds of women gather in London to discuss sex and gender|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/hundreds-women-gather-london-discuss-sex-and-gender|work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]|date=May 24, 2019|accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818123400/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/hundreds-women-gather-london-discuss-sex-and-gender|url-status=live}}</ref> she told ''Woman's Place UK'', "I see no empathy for women and girls on the part of trans activists, that is to say, those pushing gender identity ideology and legislation. What I see is bullying, threats, ostracization, and a misogynist backlash against the feminist movement and much of the work it's accomplished over years."<ref name=WomanPlace /> In an interview with ''[[The Scotsman]]'' regarding her views about [[transgender rights movement|transgender rights]] legislation, Murphy stated:

<blockquote>I'm not interested in stopping anyone having surgery or hormones if they feel that's making their lives better, and certainly people should be able to wear what they want and express themselves in ways that make them feel fulfilled and living authentic lives. But once it became about laws and legislation and gender replacing sex it became clear to me that this would have a real impact on women's rights and spaces.<ref name=Davidson_May2019 />
</blockquote>

Murphy has faced criticism due to her opposition to the establishment of [[Feminist views on transgender topics|transgender rights]] legislation, which has led to her being called "anti-transgender" by her opponents.<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /><ref name=BBC30October>{{cite web|title=Meghan Murphy: Canadian feminist's trans talk sparks uproar|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-50214341|website=[[BBC News]]|date=30 October 2019|accessdate=14 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030140627/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-50214341|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tasker"/><ref name="Robertson"/>

==== Twitter ban and lawsuit ====

In late 2018, Twitter changed its policy on hateful conduct and harassment to officially prohibit intentionally calling a trans person by the wrong pronouns or using their pre-transition names.<ref name="wells_2019">{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Georgia |title=Writer Sues Twitter Over Ban for Criticizing Transgender People |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/writer-sues-twitter-over-ban-for-mocking-transgender-people-11549946725 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=February 11, 2019 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728153708/https://www.wsj.com/articles/writer-sues-twitter-over-ban-for-mocking-transgender-people-11549946725 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in August 2018, Murphy stated that her Twitter account was locked more than once after she tweeted about issues involving [[Trans woman|trans women]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prengel |first1=Kate |title=Meghan Murphy: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/11/meghan-murphy/ |website=Heavy |date=November 24, 2018 |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504001809/https://heavy.com/news/2018/11/meghan-murphy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter permanently suspended Murphy's account in late November 2018, after she referred to [[Jessica Yaniv]], a trans woman, as "him".<ref name=RobertsonAE>{{cite web|last1=Robertson|first1=Julia Diana|title=Twitter Bans Meghan Murphy, Founder of Canada's Leading Feminist Website|url=https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/567199-twitter-bans-meghan-murphy-founder-of-canadas-leading-feminist-website|website=[[AfterEllen]]|date=November 27, 2018|accessdate=13 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412145534/https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/567199-twitter-bans-meghan-murphy-founder-of-canadas-leading-feminist-website|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Brean_him>{{cite web|last1=Brean|first1=Joseph|title='Yeeeah it's him': Vancouver writer sues Twitter over its rule against misgendering trans people|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/yeeeah-its-him-vancouver-writer-sues-twitter-over-its-rule-against-misgendering|work=[[National Post]]|date=February 12, 2019|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/news/yeeeah-its-him-vancouver-writer-sues-twitter-over-its-rule-against-misgendering|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Brean_MM>{{cite web|last1=Brean|first1=Joseph|title=Meghan Murphy, the woman behind trans wars breaking out at the public library|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library|work=[[National Post]]|date=October 29, 2019|access-date=8 September 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909000418/https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library|archive-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> On February 11, 2019, Murphy filed a lawsuit against Twitter in response to her banning.<ref name=Mattbanned>{{cite web |last1=Matt |first1=Naham |title=Feminist Writer Sues Twitter After She Tweets 'Men Aren't Women' and Gets Banned |url=https://lawandcrime.com/lawsuit/feminist-writer-sues-twitter-after-she-tweets-men-arent-woman-and-gets-banned/ |website=[[Dan_Abrams#Law_&_Crime|Law & Crime]] |date=February 12, 2019 |accessdate=20 February 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407204840/https://lawandcrime.com/lawsuit/feminist-writer-sues-twitter-after-she-tweets-men-arent-woman-and-gets-banned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The suit was dismissed in early June, but Murphy stated that she intended to file an appeal.<ref name=Fry_appeal>{{cite web |last1=Fry |first1=Madeline |title=This journalist lost her lawsuit against Twitter for banning her account, but she's not giving up |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/this-journalist-lost-her-lawsuit-against-twitter-for-banning-her-account-but-shes-not-giving-up |work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=July 10, 2019 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728151518/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/this-journalist-lost-her-lawsuit-against-twitter-for-banning-her-account-but-shes-not-giving-up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=DavisDND>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Wendy|title=Twitter Defeats Lawsuit By Journalist Banned For 'Misgendering'|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/336990/twitter-defeats-lawsuit-by-journalist-banned-for.html|work=Digital News Daily|publisher=MediaPost|date=June 13, 2019|accessdate=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729114813/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/336990/twitter-defeats-lawsuit-by-journalist-banned-for.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public appearances and protests ==

Murphy's public appearances have been subject to protests in Canada, notably in Vancouver<ref name=Compton>{{cite web|last1=Compton|first1=Julie|title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456|website=[[NBC News]]|date=January 14, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112530/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456|url-status=live}}</ref> and Toronto.<ref name=Hoard>{{cite web|last1=Hoard|first1=KC|title=Hundreds protest controversial Toronto Public Library event featuring Meghan Murphy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-hundreds-protest-controversial-toronto-public-library-event-featuring/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=October 29, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031140233/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-hundreds-protest-controversial-toronto-public-library-event-featuring/|url-status=live}}</ref> In both cities, LGBTQ organizations have also criticized public libraries for allowing Murphy to book space for public appearances.<ref name=Wadhwani>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwani|first1=Ashley|title=Vancouver Public Library banned from Pride parade after allowing controversial speaker|url=https://www.surreynowleader.com/news/vancouver-public-library-banned-from-pride-parade-after-allowing-controversial-speaker/|work=[[Surrey Now-Leader]]|date=July 23, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005810/https://www.surreynowleader.com/news/vancouver-public-library-banned-from-pride-parade-after-allowing-controversial-speaker/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ritchie>{{cite web|last1=Ritchie|first1=Kevin|title=Toronto Public Library facing Pride ban over Meghan Murphy event|url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/books/pride-toronto-ban-toronto-public-library-meghan-murphy/|work=[[Now (newspaper)|NOW]]|date=October 18, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005808/https://nowtoronto.com/culture/books/pride-toronto-ban-toronto-public-library-meghan-murphy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayor of Toronto [[John Tory]] announced that he was "disappointed" in the library's decision to host Murphy's event, and said that the "highest of standards" should be set to ensure that "offensive commentary" is not hosted in city facilities.<ref name=Rider>{{cite web|last1=Rider|first1=David|title=John Tory 'disappointed' Toronto library allowing event with writer accused of being anti-transgender|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2019/10/17/john-tory-disappointed-toronto-library-allowing-event-with-writer-accused-of-being-anti-transgender.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=October 17, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005806/https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2019/10/17/john-tory-disappointed-toronto-library-allowing-event-with-writer-accused-of-being-anti-transgender.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Official Opposition Culture Critic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edu.yorku.ca/2019/02/education-grad-becomes-mpp/|title=From "why?" to "why not?": Faculty of Education grad becomes MPP and activist for social change|first=Alex|last=Kvaskov|date=February 7, 2019|website=Faculty of Education|access-date=November 8, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108151342/http://edu.yorku.ca/2019/02/education-grad-becomes-mpp/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jill Andrew]], a [[queer]]-identifying member of the [[Ontario New Democratic Party|ONDP]] Black Caucus, also objected to the event, saying "As a proud member of Toronto's queer community, I stand in solidarity with LGBTQ folks, as well as with local writers and members of the literary community who are standing up to oppose the [Toronto Public Library's] decision" to host "a person who publicly espouses hate speech".<ref name=Knope>{{cite web|last1=Knope|first1=Julia|title=Tory 'disappointed' in Toronto Public Library for hosting speaker accused of transphobia|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-public-library-tory-speaker-transphobia-1.5324218|website=[[CBC News]]|date=October 17, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103023732/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-public-library-tory-speaker-transphobia-1.5324218|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tory asked City Librarian Vickery Bowles to reconsider the decision to permit Murphy's appearance.<ref name=Knope /> In response to the statements by the mayor, Murphy said, "It is unconscionable that the mayor of Toronto would attempt to pressure the [Toronto Public Library] to cancel this event...What I am saying is not controversial, and certainly is not hateful ... We deserve space for this conversation and our concerns deserve respect."<ref name=Knope /> Bowles defended the approval to host the event, noting that "Murphy has never been charged with or convicted of hate speech".<ref name=Hoard />

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.feminisms.org/author/meghan/index.html "Meghan Murphy"] at ''The F Word''
*[https://thetyee.ca/Bios/Meghan_Murphy/ "Meghan Murphy"] at ''[[The Tyee]]''

Radical feminism

2020-11-18T04:53:17Z

Technician: Fix sfn templates.

{{draft}}

'''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a [[Political radicalism|radical]] reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.<ref name="willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis|first1=Ellen |title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466537 |journal=Social Text |date=1984 |issue=9/10 |pages=91–118 |doi=10.2307/466537 |jstor=466537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giardina, Carol.|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/833292896|title=Freedom for women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=|isbn=0-8130-3456-6|location=|pages=|oclc=833292896}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|title=Feminist Consciousness: Race and Class – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/feminist-consciousness-race-and-class/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a [[patriarchy]] in which [[Man|men]] dominate and oppress [[Woman|women]]. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy as one front in a struggle to "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions." This struggle includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], challenging the concept of [[gender role]]s, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered capitalism that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to [[Shulamith Firestone]] in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''[[Male privilege|privilege]]'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."{{sfn|Firestone|1970|p=11}} While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and [[secondary sex characteristics]] should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanisch|first=Carol|title=Housework, Reproduction and Women’s Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/housework-reproduction-and-womens-liberation-2/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon"{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=122}} prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=123}} Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=117, 141}}

Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]).

== Theory and ideology ==

Radical feminists assert that society is a [[patriarchy]] in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women.{{sfn|Echols|1989|p=139}} They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}} As radical feminist [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

<blockquote>The first dichotomous division of this mass [mankind] is said to have been on the grounds of sex: [[male]] and [[female]] ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the ‘rational’ animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals’ definition from the human to the functional, or animal.{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=85}}</blockquote>

Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir, Simone de (Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand), 1908-1986.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1105756674|title=The Second Sex|date=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-09-959573-1|oclc=1105756674}}</ref>" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the ''need'' men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=86}}

The influence of radical-feminist politics on the [[women's liberation movement]] was considerable. [[Redstockings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Redstockings|url=http://redstockings.org/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=redstockings.org}}</ref> co-founder [[Ellen Willis]] wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created [[second-wave feminism]]'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the USA, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=138}}

== Movement ==

=== Roots ===

Radical feminists in the [[United States]] coined the term [[women's liberation movement]] (WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the [[civil rights movement]], that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against [[racism]]. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of [[second wave feminism]] that started in the early 1960s.<ref>Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25</ref> The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included [[Shulamith Firestone]], [[Kathie Sarachild]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[Carol Hanisch]], [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|Roxanne Dunbar]], [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]]. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles".{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=418}}

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including [[abortion rights]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], access to credit, and equal pay.{{sfn|Evans|2002}} Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movment ([[Frances M. Beal|Fran Beal]], [[Cellestine Ware,]] [[Toni Cade Bambara]]); however, women of color in general did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", [[Black women]] in particular.{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=434}} After [[consciousness raising]] groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the [[middle-class]] [[nuclear family]] that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both [[New Left]] organizations such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Initially concentrated in big cities like [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], Washington, DC, and on the West Coast,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}}<ref group=note>Willis (1984) doesn't mention Chicago, but as early as 1967 Chicago was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the ''Voice of Women's Liberation Movement''; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963-1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717042308/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm |date=17 July 2007}}.</ref> radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women’s Yearbook<ref>The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref> from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

<blockquote>Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferree|first1=Myra Marx|title=Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective|date=2012|page=60|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Redwood City, California|chapter=Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978|isbn=978-0804757591}}</ref><ref>Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78</ref>
</blockquote>

Radical feminists introduced the use of [[consciousness raising]] (CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or [[social class]]. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political [[ideology]] based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation—''patriarchy'' (government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men.

===Groups===
[[File:Redstockings.png|thumb|Logo of the [[Redstockings]]]]

Within groups such as [[New York Radical Women]] (1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization [[Radical Women]]), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that "the personal is political" and the "sisterhood is powerful";{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} calls to women's activism coined by [[Kathie Sarachild]] and others in the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism|last1=Bromley|first1=Victoria|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} soon constituted the basis of a new organization, [[Redstockings]]. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as [[The Feminists]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=124}} A third major stance would be articulated by the [[New York Radical Feminists]], founded later in 1969 by [[Shulamith Firestone]] (who broke from the Redstockings) and [[Anne Koedt]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=133}}

During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews".{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay ''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' (1970) and [[Kate Millet]]'s book ''[[Sexual Politics]]'' (1970), emerged during this time and in this [[Social environment|milieu]].

=== Ideology emerges and diverges ===
At the beginning of this period, "[[heterosexuality]] was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the [[sexual revolution]] of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on [[monogamy]], had been largely gained by men at women's expense.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=121}} This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of [[political lesbianism]], closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=131}}

Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a [[materialism|materialist]] and anti-[[psychologism|psychologistic]] view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-[[Maoism|Maoist]]"—that it would be possible to unite all or virtually all women, as a class, to confront this oppression by personally confronting men.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=124—128}}

[[File:Ellen willis.png|thumb|[[Ellen Willis]]]]

The Feminists held a more [[idealism|idealistic]], psychologistic, and [[utopianism|utopian]] philosophy, with a greater emphasis on "[[sex role]]s", seeing [[sexism]] as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. [[Ellen Willis]], the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for [their] militance", whereas The Feminists embraced [[separatist feminism]] as a strategy.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=130–132}}

The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even [[biological determinism|biologically determinist]]) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that [[social conditioning]] simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=133–134}}

=== Forms of action ===
The radical feminism of the late 60s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire [[direct action]]. In 1968, feminists protested against the [[Miss America]] pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"|journal=History Teacher Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> In March of 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the ''Ladies Home Journal'', "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Hunter, Jean|title=A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=117}} In France and West Germany radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

==== Self-incrimination ====
On 6 June 1971 the cover of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” ([[:de:|wir haben abgetrieben!]]) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban.<ref name=FMT_§218>{{Cite web | url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/abtreibung-gegen-218/ |title = Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date = 20 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digitales-deutsches-frauenarchiv.de/akteurinnen/aktion-218 | title=Aktion 218}}</ref> The journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

Later in 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in ''[[Der Spiegel]]''<ref name=DerSpiegel>{{cite web | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41739035.html | title=Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern | work=[[Der Spiegel]] |pages=29–31 | date=11 March 1974 |language=German}}</ref> to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with [[vacuum aspiration]], thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program ''Panorama''. [[Cristina Perincioli]] described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West Germany's [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] (association of public broadcasters), the film was not aired. Instead Panorama's producers replaced the time slot with a statement of protest and the display of an empty studio.<ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/abortion-gynecology-1973-75/]</ref>

==== Circumventing the abortion ban ====
In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in [[West Berlin]].<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English: https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/berlin-womens-center-1972/]</ref> These Berlin based women’s centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany.<ref>Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)</ref> Police accused the organizers of illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state."<ref>Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref>

==== Leaving the Church ====
In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the Catholic Church as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children".<ref name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März) |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref> In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying
a church tax.<ref>[name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März)] |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref>

====Protest of biased coverage of lesbians====
In November of 1972 two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by [[Bild]], Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian sensationalism. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October of 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer Company]], Bild's publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial Bild had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English: [https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/media-group-1973-75/]</ref><ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/lesbian-life/1973-74-witch-hunt/]</ref>

==== Genital self-exams ====
Helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the {{ill|Berlin Feminist Women’s Health Center|de|Feministische Frauen Gesundheits Zentrum|lt=Feminist Women’s Health Center|vertical-align=sup}} (FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

=== Social organization and aims ===
Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of [[squatting|squats]] to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.<ref>Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, ''Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives''. Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press), 1st ed. 2003. {{ISBN|1-58465-325-6}}</ref> While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include:

* Expanding [[reproductive rights]]. According to writer [[Lisa Tuttle]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."<ref>From ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' (1986) Lisa Tuttle</ref>
* Changing the organizational sexual culture, e.g., breaking down traditional gender roles and reevaluating societal concepts of femininity and masculinity (a common demand in US universities during the 1980s). In this, they often form tactical alliances with other currents of feminism. {{vague|date=October 2020}}

==Views on the sex industry==
Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the [[Feminist views of pornography#Harm to women during production|harm done to women]] during the production of pornography, [[Feminist views on pornography#Social harm from exposure to pornography|the social harm]] from consumption of pornography, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Coercion and poverty|the coercion and poverty]] that leads women to become prostitutes, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Long-term effects on the prostitutes|the long-term detrimental effects]] of prostitution, [[Feminist views on prostitution#The raced and classed nature of prostitution|the raced and classed nature]] of prostitution, and [[Feminist views on prostitution#Male dominance over women|male dominance over women]] in prostitution and pornography.

===Prostitution===
{{main|Feminist views on prostitution}}
Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, [[human trafficking]], poverty, [[Addiction|drug addiction]], or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?"<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |title=Prostitution in Five Countries |publisher=Feminism & Psychology |year=1998 |first1=Melissa |last1=Farley|first2=Isin |last2=Baral |first3=Merab |last3=Kiremire |first4=Ufuk |last4=Sezgin |pages=405–426 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306002439/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 }}</ref> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives, and most wanted to leave the occupation.<ref>Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html |date=2010-01-04 }}. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved on 2009-09-03.</ref>

MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |title=It's Wrong to Pay for Sex |date=5 August 2009 |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio |accessdate=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230257/http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |archivedate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of [[Kathleen Barry]], consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".<ref name="Barry">Barry, Kathleen (1995). ''The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women''. New York: New York University Press.</ref> [[Andrea Dworkin]] wrote in 1992:

<blockquote>Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. ... In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html|website=Andrea Dworkin Online Library|publisher=No Status Quo|date=October 31, 1992|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref></blockquote>

She argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Respose to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023435/http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |title=SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right? |author=Cecilia Hofmann |publisher=CATW-Asia Pacific |date=August 1997 |accessdate=2010-05-09 }}</ref> "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"|journal=Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists strongly object to the [[patriarchal]] ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves; therefore it is "necessary" that a small number of women be "sacrificed" to be used and abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists see prostitution as a form of slavery, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp ''increase'' in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. [[Melissa Farley]] argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution. Nevada is the only US state that allows legal brothels, and it is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |title=Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN |publisher=Inner-star.org |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030047/http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |title=Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking |author=MARK WAITE |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174035/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |archivedate=December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<ref name="Lynne">{{cite journal |last1=Farley |first1=M. |last2=Lynne |first2=J. |last3=Cotton |first3=A. |title=Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=242–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/1363461505052667 |pmid=16114585 |s2cid=31035931}}</ref>

===Pornography===
{{main|Feminist views of pornography}}
[[File:MacKinnon.8May.CambridgeMA.png|thumb|[[Catharine MacKinnon]]]]

Radical feminists, notably [[Catharine MacKinnon]], charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic [[coercion]] of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.<ref group=note>MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography." See: MacKinnon 1989, p. 196</ref><ref>MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue". ''Yale Law and Policy Review'' 2:321-345.</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite episode| title = A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)| series = [[Think Tank]]|network= PBS| year = 1995| url = https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref><ref name=stanford-shrage>Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography"]. In ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. [[Gail Dines]] holds that pornography, exemplified by [[Point of view pornography|gonzo pornography]], is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production.<ref group=note>Dines (2008): "The porn that makes most of the money for the industry is actually the gonzo, body-punishing variety that shows women's bodies being physically stretched to the limit, humiliated and degraded. Even porn industry people commented in a recent article in Adult Video News, that gonzo porn is taking its toll on the women, and the turnover is high because they can't stand the brutal acts on the body for very long." See: {{cite web| last1 = Dines| first1 = Gail| title = Penn, Porn and Me| work = [[CounterPunch]]| date = 23 June 2008| url = http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143944/http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| archivedate = 30 March 2009}}</ref><ref>Dines, Gail. (24 March 2007). "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5003155114018800220# Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context]", ''Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism''. Wheelock College, Boston, 24 March 2007.</ref>

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as [[Traci Lords]] and [[Linda Boreman]], and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of ''Ordeal'', in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'') stated that she had been beaten, raped, and [[pimp]]ed by her husband [[Chuck Traynor]], and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in ''Deep Throat'', as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches.<ref>Brownmiller, ''In Our Time'', p. 337.</ref>

Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn.<ref name="GailDines-JulieBindel-PornIndustry">Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/02/gail-dines-pornography "The Truth About the Porn Industry"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."<ref name=mackinnon-fu>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|title=Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law|date=1987|page=176|chapter=Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-29873-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/176}}</ref>

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of [[rape]] and other forms of [[violence against women]]. [[Robin Morgan]] summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice."<ref>Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In: ''Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-48227-1}}</ref> They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and [[sexual harassment]]. In her book ''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' (1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"|journal=Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering [[rape myth]]s. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."|journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented.<ref name="mackinnon-guardian">{{cite web|last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

German radical feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

==Radical lesbian feminism==
{{Main|Radical lesbians}}
[[File:Julie Bindel, 26 October 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Julie Bindel]]]]

[[Radical lesbians]] are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see [[lesbian]]ism as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women. [[Julie Bindel]] has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.<ref name=Bindel30Jan2009>{{cite web|last1=Bindel|first1=Julie|title=My sexual revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s, [[heterosexual|straight]] women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer [[Jill Johnston]], a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex".<ref name=":9">Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)" ''Radical Feminism'': ''A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement.

Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of [[heteronormativity]], which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions".<ref name=":9" /> They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement.<ref name=":10">Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)" ''Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.</ref>

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power.<ref name=":10" /> They defined lesbians not only by their sexual preference, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists [[Sidney Abbott]] and [[Barbara Love]] argued that "the lesbian ''has'' freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}}

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication (263-264)|volume=}}</ref>

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group [[Radicalesbians]] underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness.<ref name=":11" /> Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

<blockquote>As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male culture.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

[[Radicalesbians]] reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke".<ref name=":11" /> The rhetoric of a ''"woman-identified-woman"'' has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, "[lesbian feminism's use of] woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the ''"man-hater"'' or ''"bra burner"''.<ref name=":2" />

==Views on transgender topics==
{{main|Feminist views on transgender topics}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about [[transgender]] identities.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] voted to become [[womyn-born womyn]] only and wrote:

<blockquote>A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat.<ref name="ross1995">Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}.</ref></blockquote>

Some radical feminists, such as [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[John Stoltenberg]] have supported the notion that [[transwomen]] are women, which has been described as ''trans-inclusive'' feminism,<ref name="Abeni">{{cite web|last1=Abeni|first1=Cleis|title=New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots|url=http://www.advocate.com/think-trans/2016/2/03/new-history-project-unearths-radical-feminisms-trans-affirming-roots|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=The Advocate|date=3 February 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TransAdvocate>{{Cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm|website=TransAdvocate|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=WilliamsTSQ>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=May 2016|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> while the vast majority, most notably [[Mary Daly]], [[Janice Raymond]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Germaine Greer]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], [[Julie Bindel]], and [[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]], have argued that the transgender movement perpetuates patriarchal gender norms and is incompatible with radical-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary |title=Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism |date=1978 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=Boston |edition=1990 |isbn=978-0807015100 |lccn= 78053790 |url=https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/><ref name=Pomerleau>{{cite book|last1=Pomerleau|first1=Clark A.|title=Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism|date=2013|pages=28–29|chapter=1|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0292752948}}</ref><ref name=Jensen2015>{{cite web|last1=Jensen|first1=Robert|title=A transgender problem for diversity politics|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest-columns/20150605-robert-jensen-a-transgender-problem-for-diversity-politics.ece|accessdate=November 20, 2015|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/06/15/cathy-brennan-on-radfem-2013/ | title=Cathy Brennan On Radfem 2013 | work=Forbes | date=15 June 2013|first1= Peter J.|last1=Reilly}}</ref>

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as ''gender critical''<ref name="Goldberg 2015">{{cite web |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/gender-critical-trans-women-the-apostates-of-the-trans-rights-movement.html |accessdate=12 April 2019 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flaherty 2018">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title='TERF' War |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/29/philosophers-object-journals-publication-terf-reference-some-feminists-it-really |accessdate=12 April 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary.<ref name="Compton">{{cite web |last1=Compton |first1=Julie |title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "[[Feminist views on transgender topics#The term "TERF"|trans-exclusionary radical feminists]]" or "[[TERF]]s",<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /><ref name="Goldberg 2015" /><ref name="Compton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cristan |date=2016-05-01 |title=Radical InclusionRecounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–258 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref> an acronym to which they object,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/are-you-now-or-have-you-ever-been-terf|title=Are you now or have you ever been a TERF? |last1=MacDonald |first1=Terry |date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman|New Statesman America]]}}</ref> say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of [[trans men]] as women),<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /> and argue is a [[pejorative|slur]] or even [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=What Is a Woman? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |accessdate=November 20, 2015 |quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ |title='TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan E. |publisher=Feminist Current |date=September 21, 2017 |quote=If “TERF” were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative, and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of “TERF” before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn’t believe us before, you now have no excuse.}}</ref> These feminists argue that because trans women are [[Sex assignment|assigned male at birth]], they are accorded corresponding privileges in society, and even if they choose to present as women, the fact that they have a choice in this sets them apart from people assigned female. Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of socialization. [[Lierre Keith]] describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission",<ref group=note>Keith (2013): "Female socialization is a process of psychologically constraining and breaking girls—otherwise known as 'grooming'—to create a class of compliant victims. Femininity is a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission." See: {{cite web | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/55123/ | title=The Emperor's New Penis | magazine=[[CounterPunch]] | date=21–23 June 2013 | author=Keith, Lierre}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/> and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and [[Gender identity|gender-identity]] politics are an obstacle to gender abolition.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name="Forbes" /> [[Julie Bindel]] argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep [[gender stereotypes]] intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'."<ref>[https://idgeofreason.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/2008-statement-from-julie-bindel/ "2008 Statement from Julie Bindel"], courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com.</ref><ref name="CSOTP">{{cite web|last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629093225/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender-reassignment operations in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamedani|first1=Ali|title=The gay people pushed to change their gender|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690|work=BBC News|date=5 November 2014|quote=There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male]]'' (1979), the lesbian radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]] argued that "transsexuals ... reduce the female form to artefact, appropriating this body for themselves".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male|last1=Raymond|first1=Janice G.|date=1979|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807762721|location=New York|p=xx}}</ref> In ''The Whole Woman'' (1999), [[Germaine Greer]] wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because [those governments] see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".<ref name="Greer2009">{{cite book|url=|title=The Whole Woman|author=Germaine Greer|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-307-56113-8|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymJArTm2CAIC&pg=PT101 101]}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional [[stereotype]] of women" and that by [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]] they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|year=1997|title=Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|url=http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Transgender%20Activism%20A%20Lesbian%20Feminist%20Perspective%20by%20Sheila%20Jeffreys%2C%20Journal%20of%20Lesbian%20Studies%201997%5B1%5D.pdf|journal=The Journal of Lesbian Studies|doi=10.1300/J155v01n03_03}}</ref> In ''Gender Hurts'' (2014), she referred to [[sex reassignment surgery]] as "self-mutilation",{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|pp=68–71}} and used pronouns that refer to biological sex. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|p=9}}<ref name="newyorker" />

By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism: "work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female," "man" and "woman," are used only because as yet there are no others."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Woman Hating|date=1974|pages=175–176|chapter=Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community|publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47423-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womanhating00dwor/page/175}}</ref> In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

<blockquote>"Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<ref name=TransAdvocate /></blockquote>

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
[[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."{{sfn|Dines|2011}}

== Criticism ==

Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy".{{sfn|Willis|1984}} Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Becky|title= Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e742ad93c990615a97d8c857597206b6ebaf54b |journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=337–360 |jstor=3178747|doi=10.2307/3178747|s2cid=152165042}}</ref> This view is contested, particularly by [[intersectional feminism]] and [[black feminism]]. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".{{sfn|Willis|1984}}

[[Ellen Willis]]' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the [[New Left]], radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in ''ad hoc'' coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=120–122}}

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
<references/>

=== Parenthetical sources ===

*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=6: Radical Feminism, Ti-Grace Atkinson|pages=82–89|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement, Martha Shelley|pages=305–309|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite web|last1=Dines|first1=Gail|author-link=Gail Dines|title= Gail Dines on radical feminism|publisher=WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 29, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9LVVxvuomU&t=0m20s}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Echols|first1=Alice|author-link1=Alice Echols|title=Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=0-8166-1786-4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Sara M.|title=Re-Viewing the Second Wave|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|year=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=258–267|doi=10.2307/3178740|jstor=3178740}}
*{{cite book|last1=Firestone|first1=Shulamith|author-link=Shulamith Firestone|title=The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|year=1970|edition=1st|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-688-12359-7|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Jeffreys|title=Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon, Oxon, England|isbn=978-0415539395}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Linden-Ward|editor1-first=Blanche|editor2-last=Green|editor2-first=Carol Hurd|title=American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future|year=1993|edition=1st|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8057-9905-2|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenin100lind/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-89645-9|url=https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth0000mack/page/n3/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Willis|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Willis|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=[[Social Text]]|year=1984|volume=The 60's without Apology|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|jstor=466537|doi=10.2307/466537}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|author1-link=Carol Hanisch|last1=Hanisch|first1=Carol|last2=Scarbrough|first2=Kathy|author3-link=Ti-Grace Atkinson|last3=Atkinson|first3=Ti-Grace|author4-link=Kathie Sarachild|last4=Sarachild|first4=Kathie|display-authors=et al.|title=The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of "Gender"|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf|website=Meeting Ground OnLine|date=August 12, 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=Notes From the First Year|url=https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15957coll6/id/650/page/0/inline/p15957coll6_650_0|magazine=[[New York Radical Women]]|date=June 1968}} (via [[Duke University Libraries]].)
* {{cite web|title=Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives|url=http://redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings|website=[[Redstockings]]}}
* {{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Penny|title=Strands of Feminist Theory|url=http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]|date=February 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504203058/http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|archivedate=May 4, 2001|url-status=dead}}

;Books and journals

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Diane|editor2-last=Klein|editor2-first=Renate|title=Radically Speaking|date=1996|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=1-875559-38-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coote|first1=Anna|last2=Campbell|first2=Beatrix|title=Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation|date=1982|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|location=London |isbn=0-330-26511-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ehrlich|editor1-first=Susan|editor2-last=Meyerhoff|editor2-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Janet|title=The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality|year=2014|edition=2nd|pages=23–47|chapter=The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz|publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]]|chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470656426|isbn=978-0470656426}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Koedt|editor1-first=Anne|editor-link1=Anne Koedt|editor2-last=Levine|editor2-first=Ellen|editor3-last=Rapone|editor3-first=Anita|title=Radical Feminism|year=1973|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=9780812962208|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Love|editor1-first=Barbara J.|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|location=Champaign, Illinois|isbn=978-0-252-03189-2}}

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Radical feminism

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'''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a [[Political radicalism|radical]] reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.<ref name="willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis|first1=Ellen |title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466537 |journal=Social Text |date=1984 |issue=9/10 |pages=91–118 |doi=10.2307/466537 |jstor=466537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giardina, Carol.|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/833292896|title=Freedom for women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=|isbn=0-8130-3456-6|location=|pages=|oclc=833292896}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|title=Feminist Consciousness: Race and Class – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/feminist-consciousness-race-and-class/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a [[patriarchy]] in which [[Man|men]] dominate and oppress [[Woman|women]]. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy as one front in a struggle to "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions." This struggle includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], challenging the concept of [[gender role]]s, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered capitalism that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to [[Shulamith Firestone]] in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''[[Male privilege|privilege]]'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."{{sfn|Firestone|1970|p=11}} While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and [[secondary sex characteristics]] should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanisch|first=Carol|title=Housework, Reproduction and Women’s Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/housework-reproduction-and-womens-liberation-2/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon"{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=122}} prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=123}} Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=117, 141}}

Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]).

== Theory and ideology ==

Radical feminists assert that society is a [[patriarchy]] in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women.{{sfn|Echols|1989|p=139}} They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}} As radical feminist [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

<blockquote>The first dichotomous division of this mass [mankind] is said to have been on the grounds of sex: [[male]] and [[female]] ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the ‘rational’ animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals’ definition from the human to the functional, or animal.{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=85}}</blockquote>

Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir, Simone de (Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand), 1908-1986.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1105756674|title=The Second Sex|date=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-09-959573-1|oclc=1105756674}}</ref>" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the ''need'' men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=86}}

The influence of radical-feminist politics on the [[women's liberation movement]] was considerable. [[Redstockings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Redstockings|url=http://redstockings.org/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=redstockings.org}}</ref> co-founder [[Ellen Willis]] wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created [[second-wave feminism]]'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the USA, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=138}}

== Movement ==

=== Roots ===

Radical feminists in the [[United States]] coined the term [[women's liberation movement]] (WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the [[civil rights movement]], that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against [[racism]]. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of [[second wave feminism]] that started in the early 1960s.<ref>Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25</ref> The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included [[Shulamith Firestone]], [[Kathie Sarachild]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[Carol Hanisch]], [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|Roxanne Dunbar]], [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]]. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles".{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=418}}

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including [[abortion rights]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], access to credit, and equal pay.{{sfn|Evans|2002}} Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movment ([[Frances M. Beal|Fran Beal]], [[Cellestine Ware,]] [[Toni Cade Bambara]]); however, women of color in general did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", [[Black women]] in particular.{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=434}} After [[consciousness raising]] groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the [[middle-class]] [[nuclear family]] that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both [[New Left]] organizations such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Initially concentrated in big cities like [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], Washington, DC, and on the West Coast,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}}<ref group=note>Willis (1984) doesn't mention Chicago, but as early as 1967 Chicago was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the ''Voice of Women's Liberation Movement''; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963-1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717042308/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm |date=17 July 2007}}.</ref> radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women’s Yearbook<ref>The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref> from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

<blockquote>Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferree|first1=Myra Marx|title=Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective|date=2012|page=60|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Redwood City, California|chapter=Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978|isbn=978-0804757591}}</ref><ref>Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78</ref>
</blockquote>

Radical feminists introduced the use of [[consciousness raising]] (CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or [[social class]]. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political [[ideology]] based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation—''patriarchy'' (government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men.

===Groups===
[[File:Redstockings.png|thumb|Logo of the [[Redstockings]]]]

Within groups such as [[New York Radical Women]] (1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization [[Radical Women]]), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that "the personal is political" and the "sisterhood is powerful";{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} calls to women's activism coined by [[Kathie Sarachild]] and others in the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism|last1=Bromley|first1=Victoria|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} soon constituted the basis of a new organization, [[Redstockings]]. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as [[The Feminists]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=124}} A third major stance would be articulated by the [[New York Radical Feminists]], founded later in 1969 by [[Shulamith Firestone]] (who broke from the Redstockings) and [[Anne Koedt]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=133}}

During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews".{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay ''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' (1970) and [[Kate Millet]]'s book ''[[Sexual Politics]]'' (1970), emerged during this time and in this [[Social environment|milieu]].

=== Ideology emerges and diverges ===
At the beginning of this period, "[[heterosexuality]] was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the [[sexual revolution]] of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on [[monogamy]], had been largely gained by men at women's expense.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=121}} This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of [[political lesbianism]], closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=131}}

Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a [[materialism|materialist]] and anti-[[psychologism|psychologistic]] view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-[[Maoism|Maoist]]"—that it would be possible to unite all or virtually all women, as a class, to confront this oppression by personally confronting men.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=124—128}}

[[File:Ellen willis.png|thumb|[[Ellen Willis]]]]

The Feminists held a more [[idealism|idealistic]], psychologistic, and [[utopianism|utopian]] philosophy, with a greater emphasis on "[[sex role]]s", seeing [[sexism]] as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. [[Ellen Willis]], the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for [their] militance", whereas The Feminists embraced [[separatist feminism]] as a strategy.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=130–132}}

The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even [[biological determinism|biologically determinist]]) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that [[social conditioning]] simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=133–134}}

=== Forms of action ===
The radical feminism of the late 60s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire [[direct action]]. In 1968, feminists protested against the [[Miss America]] pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"|journal=History Teacher Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> In March of 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the ''Ladies Home Journal'', "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Hunter, Jean|title=A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=117}} In France and West Germany radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

==== Self-incrimination ====
On 6 June 1971 the cover of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” ([[:de:|wir haben abgetrieben!]]) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban.<ref name=FMT_§218>{{Cite web | url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/abtreibung-gegen-218/ |title = Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date = 20 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digitales-deutsches-frauenarchiv.de/akteurinnen/aktion-218 | title=Aktion 218}}</ref> The journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

Later in 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in ''[[Der Spiegel]]''<ref name=DerSpiegel>{{cite web | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41739035.html | title=Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern | work=[[Der Spiegel]] |pages=29–31 | date=11 March 1974 |language=German}}</ref> to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with [[vacuum aspiration]], thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program ''Panorama''. [[Cristina Perincioli]] described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West Germany's [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] (association of public broadcasters), the film was not aired. Instead Panorama's producers replaced the time slot with a statement of protest and the display of an empty studio.<ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/abortion-gynecology-1973-75/]</ref>

==== Circumventing the abortion ban ====
In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in [[West Berlin]].<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English: https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/berlin-womens-center-1972/]</ref> These Berlin based women’s centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany.<ref>Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)</ref> Police accused the organizers of illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state."<ref>Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref>

==== Leaving the Church ====
In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the Catholic Church as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children".<ref name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März) |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref> In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying
a church tax.<ref>[name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März)] |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref>

====Protest of biased coverage of lesbians====
In November of 1972 two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by [[Bild]], Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian sensationalism. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October of 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer Company]], Bild's publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial Bild had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English: [https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/media-group-1973-75/]</ref><ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/lesbian-life/1973-74-witch-hunt/]</ref>

==== Genital self-exams ====
Helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the {{ill|Berlin Feminist Women’s Health Center|de|Feministische Frauen Gesundheits Zentrum|lt=Feminist Women’s Health Center|vertical-align=sup}} (FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

=== Social organization and aims ===
Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of [[squatting|squats]] to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.<ref>Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, ''Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives''. Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press), 1st ed. 2003. {{ISBN|1-58465-325-6}}</ref> While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include:

* Expanding [[reproductive rights]]. According to writer [[Lisa Tuttle]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."<ref>From ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' (1986) Lisa Tuttle</ref>
* Changing the organizational sexual culture, e.g., breaking down traditional gender roles and reevaluating societal concepts of femininity and masculinity (a common demand in US universities during the 1980s). In this, they often form tactical alliances with other currents of feminism. {{vague|date=October 2020}}

==Views on the sex industry==
Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the [[Feminist views of pornography#Harm to women during production|harm done to women]] during the production of pornography, [[Feminist views on pornography#Social harm from exposure to pornography|the social harm]] from consumption of pornography, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Coercion and poverty|the coercion and poverty]] that leads women to become prostitutes, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Long-term effects on the prostitutes|the long-term detrimental effects]] of prostitution, [[Feminist views on prostitution#The raced and classed nature of prostitution|the raced and classed nature]] of prostitution, and [[Feminist views on prostitution#Male dominance over women|male dominance over women]] in prostitution and pornography.

===Prostitution===
{{main|Feminist views on prostitution}}
Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, [[human trafficking]], poverty, [[Addiction|drug addiction]], or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?"<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |title=Prostitution in Five Countries |publisher=Feminism & Psychology |year=1998 |first1=Melissa |last1=Farley|first2=Isin |last2=Baral |first3=Merab |last3=Kiremire |first4=Ufuk |last4=Sezgin |pages=405–426 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306002439/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 }}</ref> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives, and most wanted to leave the occupation.<ref>Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html |date=2010-01-04 }}. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved on 2009-09-03.</ref>

MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |title=It's Wrong to Pay for Sex |date=5 August 2009 |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio |accessdate=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230257/http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |archivedate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of [[Kathleen Barry]], consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".<ref name="Barry">Barry, Kathleen (1995). ''The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women''. New York: New York University Press.</ref> [[Andrea Dworkin]] wrote in 1992:

<blockquote>Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. ... In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html|website=Andrea Dworkin Online Library|publisher=No Status Quo|date=October 31, 1992|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref></blockquote>

She argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Respose to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023435/http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |title=SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right? |author=Cecilia Hofmann |publisher=CATW-Asia Pacific |date=August 1997 |accessdate=2010-05-09 }}</ref> "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"|journal=Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists strongly object to the [[patriarchal]] ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves; therefore it is "necessary" that a small number of women be "sacrificed" to be used and abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists see prostitution as a form of slavery, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp ''increase'' in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. [[Melissa Farley]] argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution. Nevada is the only US state that allows legal brothels, and it is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |title=Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN |publisher=Inner-star.org |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030047/http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |title=Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking |author=MARK WAITE |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174035/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |archivedate=December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<ref name="Lynne">{{cite journal |last1=Farley |first1=M. |last2=Lynne |first2=J. |last3=Cotton |first3=A. |title=Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=242–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/1363461505052667 |pmid=16114585 |s2cid=31035931}}</ref>

===Pornography===
{{main|Feminist views of pornography}}
[[File:MacKinnon.8May.CambridgeMA.png|thumb|[[Catharine MacKinnon]]]]

Radical feminists, notably [[Catharine MacKinnon]], charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic [[coercion]] of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.<ref group=note>MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."{{sfn|MacKinnon|1989|p=196}}</ref><ref>MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue". ''Yale Law and Policy Review'' 2:321-345.</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite episode| title = A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)| series = [[Think Tank]]|network= PBS| year = 1995| url = https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref><ref name=stanford-shrage>Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography"]. In ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. [[Gail Dines]] holds that pornography, exemplified by [[Point of view pornography|gonzo pornography]], is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production.<ref group=note>Dines (2008): "The porn that makes most of the money for the industry is actually the gonzo, body-punishing variety that shows women's bodies being physically stretched to the limit, humiliated and degraded. Even porn industry people commented in a recent article in Adult Video News, that gonzo porn is taking its toll on the women, and the turnover is high because they can't stand the brutal acts on the body for very long." See: {{cite web| last1 = Dines| first1 = Gail| title = Penn, Porn and Me| work = [[CounterPunch]]| date = 23 June 2008| url = http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143944/http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| archivedate = 30 March 2009}}</ref><ref>Dines, Gail. (24 March 2007). "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5003155114018800220# Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context]", ''Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism''. Wheelock College, Boston, 24 March 2007.</ref>

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as [[Traci Lords]] and [[Linda Boreman]], and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of ''Ordeal'', in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'') stated that she had been beaten, raped, and [[pimp]]ed by her husband [[Chuck Traynor]], and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in ''Deep Throat'', as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches.<ref>Brownmiller, ''In Our Time'', p. 337.</ref>

Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn.<ref name="GailDines-JulieBindel-PornIndustry">Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/02/gail-dines-pornography "The Truth About the Porn Industry"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."<ref name=mackinnon-fu>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|title=Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law|date=1987|page=176|chapter=Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-29873-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/176}}</ref>

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of [[rape]] and other forms of [[violence against women]]. [[Robin Morgan]] summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice."<ref>Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In: ''Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-48227-1}}</ref> They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and [[sexual harassment]]. In her book ''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' (1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"|journal=Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering [[rape myth]]s. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."|journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented.<ref name="mackinnon-guardian">{{cite web|last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

German radical feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

==Radical lesbian feminism==
{{Main|Radical lesbians}}
[[File:Julie Bindel, 26 October 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Julie Bindel]]]]

[[Radical lesbians]] are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see [[lesbian]]ism as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women. [[Julie Bindel]] has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.<ref name=Bindel30Jan2009>{{cite web|last1=Bindel|first1=Julie|title=My sexual revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s, [[heterosexual|straight]] women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer [[Jill Johnston]], a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex".<ref name=":9">Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)" ''Radical Feminism'': ''A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement.

Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of [[heteronormativity]], which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions".<ref name=":9" /> They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement.<ref name=":10">Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)" ''Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.</ref>

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power.<ref name=":10" /> They defined lesbians not only by their sexual preference, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists [[Sidney Abbott]] and [[Barbara Love]] argued that "the lesbian ''has'' freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}}

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication (263-264)|volume=}}</ref>

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group [[Radicalesbians]] underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness.<ref name=":11" /> Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

<blockquote>As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male culture.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

[[Radicalesbians]] reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke".<ref name=":11" /> The rhetoric of a ''"woman-identified-woman"'' has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, "[lesbian feminism's use of] woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the ''"man-hater"'' or ''"bra burner"''.<ref name=":2" />

==Views on transgender topics==
{{main|Feminist views on transgender topics}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about [[transgender]] identities.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] voted to become [[womyn-born womyn]] only and wrote:

<blockquote>A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat.<ref name="ross1995">Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}.</ref></blockquote>

Some radical feminists, such as [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[John Stoltenberg]] have supported the notion that [[transwomen]] are women, which has been described as ''trans-inclusive'' feminism,<ref name="Abeni">{{cite web|last1=Abeni|first1=Cleis|title=New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots|url=http://www.advocate.com/think-trans/2016/2/03/new-history-project-unearths-radical-feminisms-trans-affirming-roots|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=The Advocate|date=3 February 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TransAdvocate>{{Cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm|website=TransAdvocate|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=WilliamsTSQ>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=May 2016|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> while the vast majority, most notably [[Mary Daly]], [[Janice Raymond]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Germaine Greer]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], [[Julie Bindel]], and [[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]], have argued that the transgender movement perpetuates patriarchal gender norms and is incompatible with radical-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary |title=Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism |date=1978 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=Boston |edition=1990 |isbn=978-0807015100 |lccn= 78053790 |url=https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/><ref name=Pomerleau>{{cite book|last1=Pomerleau|first1=Clark A.|title=Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism|date=2013|pages=28–29|chapter=1|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0292752948}}</ref><ref name=Jensen2015>{{cite web|last1=Jensen|first1=Robert|title=A transgender problem for diversity politics|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest-columns/20150605-robert-jensen-a-transgender-problem-for-diversity-politics.ece|accessdate=November 20, 2015|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/06/15/cathy-brennan-on-radfem-2013/ | title=Cathy Brennan On Radfem 2013 | work=Forbes | date=15 June 2013|first1= Peter J.|last1=Reilly}}</ref>

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as ''gender critical''<ref name="Goldberg 2015">{{cite web |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/gender-critical-trans-women-the-apostates-of-the-trans-rights-movement.html |accessdate=12 April 2019 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flaherty 2018">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title='TERF' War |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/29/philosophers-object-journals-publication-terf-reference-some-feminists-it-really |accessdate=12 April 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary.<ref name="Compton">{{cite web |last1=Compton |first1=Julie |title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "[[Feminist views on transgender topics#The term "TERF"|trans-exclusionary radical feminists]]" or "[[TERF]]s",<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /><ref name="Goldberg 2015" /><ref name="Compton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cristan |date=2016-05-01 |title=Radical InclusionRecounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–258 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref> an acronym to which they object,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/are-you-now-or-have-you-ever-been-terf|title=Are you now or have you ever been a TERF? |last1=MacDonald |first1=Terry |date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman|New Statesman America]]}}</ref> say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of [[trans men]] as women),<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /> and argue is a [[pejorative|slur]] or even [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=What Is a Woman? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |accessdate=November 20, 2015 |quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ |title='TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan E. |publisher=Feminist Current |date=September 21, 2017 |quote=If “TERF” were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative, and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of “TERF” before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn’t believe us before, you now have no excuse.}}</ref> These feminists argue that because trans women are [[Sex assignment|assigned male at birth]], they are accorded corresponding privileges in society, and even if they choose to present as women, the fact that they have a choice in this sets them apart from people assigned female. Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of socialization. [[Lierre Keith]] describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission",<ref group=note>Keith (2013): "Female socialization is a process of psychologically constraining and breaking girls—otherwise known as 'grooming'—to create a class of compliant victims. Femininity is a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission." See: {{cite web | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/55123/ | title=The Emperor's New Penis | magazine=[[CounterPunch]] | date=21–23 June 2013 | author=Keith, Lierre}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/> and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and [[Gender identity|gender-identity]] politics are an obstacle to gender abolition.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name="Forbes" /> [[Julie Bindel]] argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep [[gender stereotypes]] intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'."<ref>[https://idgeofreason.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/2008-statement-from-julie-bindel/ "2008 Statement from Julie Bindel"], courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com.</ref><ref name="CSOTP">{{cite web|last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629093225/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender-reassignment operations in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamedani|first1=Ali|title=The gay people pushed to change their gender|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690|work=BBC News|date=5 November 2014|quote=There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male]]'' (1979), the lesbian radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]] argued that "transsexuals ... reduce the female form to artefact, appropriating this body for themselves".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male|last1=Raymond|first1=Janice G.|date=1979|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807762721|location=New York|p=xx}}</ref> In ''The Whole Woman'' (1999), [[Germaine Greer]] wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because [those governments] see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".<ref name="Greer2009">{{cite book|url=|title=The Whole Woman|author=Germaine Greer|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-307-56113-8|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymJArTm2CAIC&pg=PT101 101]}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional [[stereotype]] of women" and that by [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]] they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|year=1997|title=Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|url=http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Transgender%20Activism%20A%20Lesbian%20Feminist%20Perspective%20by%20Sheila%20Jeffreys%2C%20Journal%20of%20Lesbian%20Studies%201997%5B1%5D.pdf|journal=The Journal of Lesbian Studies|doi=10.1300/J155v01n03_03}}</ref> In ''Gender Hurts'' (2014), she referred to [[sex reassignment surgery]] as "self-mutilation",{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|pp=68–71}} and used pronouns that refer to biological sex. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|p=9}}<ref name="newyorker" />

By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism: "work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female," "man" and "woman," are used only because as yet there are no others."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Woman Hating|date=1974|pages=175–176|chapter=Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community|publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47423-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womanhating00dwor/page/175}}</ref> In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

<blockquote>"Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<ref name=TransAdvocate /></blockquote>

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
[[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."{{sfn|Dines|2011}}

== Criticism ==

Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy".{{sfn|Willis|1984}} Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Becky|title= Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e742ad93c990615a97d8c857597206b6ebaf54b |journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=337–360 |jstor=3178747|doi=10.2307/3178747|s2cid=152165042}}</ref> This view is contested, particularly by [[intersectional feminism]] and [[black feminism]]. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".{{sfn|Willis|1984}}

[[Ellen Willis]]' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the [[New Left]], radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in ''ad hoc'' coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=120–122}}

== Notes ==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
<references/>

=== Parenthetical sources ===

*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=6: Radical Feminism, Ti-Grace Atkinson|pages=82–89|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement, Martha Shelley|pages=305–309|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite web|last1=Dines|first1=Gail|author-link=Gail Dines|title= Gail Dines on radical feminism|publisher=WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 29, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9LVVxvuomU&t=0m20s}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Echols|first1=Alice|author-link1=Alice Echols|title=Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=0-8166-1786-4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Sara M.|title=Re-Viewing the Second Wave|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|year=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=258–267|doi=10.2307/3178740|jstor=3178740}}
*{{cite book|last1=Firestone|first1=Shulamith|author-link=Shulamith Firestone|title=The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|year=1970|edition=1st|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-688-12359-7|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Jeffreys|title=Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon, Oxon, England|isbn=978-0415539395}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Linden-Ward|editor1-first=Blanche|editor2-last=Green|editor2-first=Carol Hurd|title=American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future|year=1993|edition=1st|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8057-9905-2|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenin100lind/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-89645-9|url=https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth0000mack/page/n3/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Willis|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Willis|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=[[Social Text]]|year=1984|volume=The 60's without Apology|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|jstor=466537|doi=10.2307/466537}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|author1-link=Carol Hanisch|last1=Hanisch|first1=Carol|last2=Scarbrough|first2=Kathy|author3-link=Ti-Grace Atkinson|last3=Atkinson|first3=Ti-Grace|author4-link=Kathie Sarachild|last4=Sarachild|first4=Kathie|display-authors=et al.|title=The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of "Gender"|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf|website=Meeting Ground OnLine|date=August 12, 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=Notes From the First Year|url=https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15957coll6/id/650/page/0/inline/p15957coll6_650_0|magazine=[[New York Radical Women]]|date=June 1968}} (via [[Duke University Libraries]].)
* {{cite web|title=Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives|url=http://redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings|website=[[Redstockings]]}}
* {{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Penny|title=Strands of Feminist Theory|url=http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]|date=February 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504203058/http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|archivedate=May 4, 2001|url-status=dead}}

;Books and journals

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Diane|editor2-last=Klein|editor2-first=Renate|title=Radically Speaking|date=1996|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=1-875559-38-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coote|first1=Anna|last2=Campbell|first2=Beatrix|title=Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation|date=1982|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|location=London |isbn=0-330-26511-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ehrlich|editor1-first=Susan|editor2-last=Meyerhoff|editor2-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Janet|title=The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality|year=2014|edition=2nd|pages=23–47|chapter=The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz|publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]]|chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470656426|isbn=978-0470656426}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Koedt|editor1-first=Anne|editor-link1=Anne Koedt|editor2-last=Levine|editor2-first=Ellen|editor3-last=Rapone|editor3-first=Anita|title=Radical Feminism|year=1973|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=9780812962208|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Love|editor1-first=Barbara J.|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|location=Champaign, Illinois|isbn=978-0-252-03189-2}}

Radical feminism

2020-11-18T03:49:51Z

Technician:

{{draft}}

'''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a [[Political radicalism|radical]] reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.<ref name="willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis|first1=Ellen |title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466537 |journal=Social Text |date=1984 |issue=9/10 |pages=91–118 |doi=10.2307/466537 |jstor=466537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giardina, Carol.|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/833292896|title=Freedom for women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=|isbn=0-8130-3456-6|location=|pages=|oclc=833292896}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|title=Feminist Consciousness: Race and Class – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/feminist-consciousness-race-and-class/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a [[patriarchy]] in which [[Man|men]] dominate and oppress [[Woman|women]]. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy as one front in a struggle to "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions." This struggle includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], challenging the concept of [[gender role]]s, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered capitalism that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to [[Shulamith Firestone]] in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''[[Male privilege|privilege]]'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."{{sfn|Firestone|1970|p=11}} While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and [[secondary sex characteristics]] should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanisch|first=Carol|title=Housework, Reproduction and Women’s Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/housework-reproduction-and-womens-liberation-2/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon"{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=122}} prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=123}} Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=117, 141}}

Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]).

== Theory and ideology ==

Radical feminists assert that society is a [[patriarchy]] in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women.{{sfn|Echols|1989|p=139}} They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}} As radical feminist [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

<blockquote>The first dichotomous division of this mass [mankind] is said to have been on the grounds of sex: [[male]] and [[female]] ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the ‘rational’ animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals’ definition from the human to the functional, or animal.{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=85}}</blockquote>

Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir, Simone de (Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand), 1908-1986.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1105756674|title=The Second Sex|date=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-09-959573-1|oclc=1105756674}}</ref>" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the ''need'' men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=86}}

The influence of radical-feminist politics on the [[women's liberation movement]] was considerable. [[Redstockings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Redstockings|url=http://redstockings.org/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=redstockings.org}}</ref> co-founder [[Ellen Willis]] wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created [[second-wave feminism]]'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the USA, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=138}}

== Movement ==

=== Roots ===

Radical feminists in the [[United States]] coined the term [[women's liberation movement]] (WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the [[civil rights movement]], that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against [[racism]]. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of [[second wave feminism]] that started in the early 1960s.<ref>Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25</ref> The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included [[Shulamith Firestone]], [[Kathie Sarachild]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[Carol Hanisch]], [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|Roxanne Dunbar]], [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]]. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles".{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=418}}

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including [[abortion rights]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], access to credit, and equal pay.{{sfn|Evans|2002}} Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movment ([[Frances M. Beal|Fran Beal]], [[Cellestine Ware,]] [[Toni Cade Bambara]]); however, women of color in general did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", [[Black women]] in particular.{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=434}} After [[consciousness raising]] groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the [[middle-class]] [[nuclear family]] that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both [[New Left]] organizations such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Initially concentrated in big cities like [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], Washington, DC, and on the West Coast,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}}{{efn|Willis (1984) doesn't mention Chicago, but as early as 1967 Chicago was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the ''Voice of Women's Liberation Movement''; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963-1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717042308/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm |date=17 July 2007}}.}} radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women’s Yearbook<ref>The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref> from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

<blockquote>Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferree|first1=Myra Marx|title=Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective|date=2012|page=60|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Redwood City, California|chapter=Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978|isbn=978-0804757591}}</ref><ref>Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78</ref>
</blockquote>

Radical feminists introduced the use of [[consciousness raising]] (CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or [[social class]]. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political [[ideology]] based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation—''patriarchy'' (government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men.

===Groups===
[[File:Redstockings.png|thumb|Logo of the [[Redstockings]]]]

Within groups such as [[New York Radical Women]] (1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization [[Radical Women]]), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that "the personal is political" and the "sisterhood is powerful";{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} calls to women's activism coined by [[Kathie Sarachild]] and others in the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism|last1=Bromley|first1=Victoria|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} soon constituted the basis of a new organization, [[Redstockings]]. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as [[The Feminists]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=124}} A third major stance would be articulated by the [[New York Radical Feminists]], founded later in 1969 by [[Shulamith Firestone]] (who broke from the Redstockings) and [[Anne Koedt]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=133}}

During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews".{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay ''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' (1970) and [[Kate Millet]]'s book ''[[Sexual Politics]]'' (1970), emerged during this time and in this [[Social environment|milieu]].

=== Ideology emerges and diverges ===
At the beginning of this period, "[[heterosexuality]] was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the [[sexual revolution]] of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on [[monogamy]], had been largely gained by men at women's expense.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=121}} This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of [[political lesbianism]], closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=131}}

Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a [[materialism|materialist]] and anti-[[psychologism|psychologistic]] view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-[[Maoism|Maoist]]"—that it would be possible to unite all or virtually all women, as a class, to confront this oppression by personally confronting men.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=124—128}}

[[File:Ellen willis.png|thumb|[[Ellen Willis]]]]

The Feminists held a more [[idealism|idealistic]], psychologistic, and [[utopianism|utopian]] philosophy, with a greater emphasis on "[[sex role]]s", seeing [[sexism]] as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. [[Ellen Willis]], the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for [their] militance", whereas The Feminists embraced [[separatist feminism]] as a strategy.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=130–132}}

The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even [[biological determinism|biologically determinist]]) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that [[social conditioning]] simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=133–134}}

=== Forms of action ===
The radical feminism of the late 60s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire [[direct action]]. In 1968, feminists protested against the [[Miss America]] pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"|journal=History Teacher Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> In March of 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the ''Ladies Home Journal'', "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Hunter, Jean|title=A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=117}} In France and West Germany radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

==== Self-incrimination ====
On 6 June 1971 the cover of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” ([[:de:|wir haben abgetrieben!]]) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban.<ref name=FMT_§218>{{Cite web | url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/abtreibung-gegen-218/ |title = Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date = 20 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digitales-deutsches-frauenarchiv.de/akteurinnen/aktion-218 | title=Aktion 218}}</ref> The journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

Later in 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in ''[[Der Spiegel]]''<ref name=DerSpiegel>{{cite web | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41739035.html | title=Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern | work=[[Der Spiegel]] |pages=29–31 | date=11 March 1974 |language=German}}</ref> to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with [[vacuum aspiration]], thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program ''Panorama''. [[Cristina Perincioli]] described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West Germany's [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] (association of public broadcasters), the film was not aired. Instead Panorama's producers replaced the time slot with a statement of protest and the display of an empty studio.<ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/abortion-gynecology-1973-75/]</ref>

==== Circumventing the abortion ban ====
In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in [[West Berlin]].<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English: https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/berlin-womens-center-1972/]</ref> These Berlin based women’s centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany.<ref>Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)</ref> Police accused the organizers of illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state."<ref>Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref>

==== Leaving the Church ====
In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the Catholic Church as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children".<ref name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März) |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref> In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying
a church tax.<ref>[name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März)] |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref>

====Protest of biased coverage of lesbians====
In November of 1972 two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by [[Bild]], Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian sensationalism. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October of 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer Company]], Bild's publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial Bild had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English: [https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/media-group-1973-75/]</ref><ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/lesbian-life/1973-74-witch-hunt/]</ref>

==== Genital self-exams ====
Helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the {{ill|Berlin Feminist Women’s Health Center|de|Feministische Frauen Gesundheits Zentrum|lt=Feminist Women’s Health Center|vertical-align=sup}} (FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

=== Social organization and aims ===
Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of [[squatting|squats]] to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.<ref>Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, ''Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives''. Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press), 1st ed. 2003. {{ISBN|1-58465-325-6}}</ref> While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include:

* Expanding [[reproductive rights]]. According to writer [[Lisa Tuttle]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."<ref>From ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' (1986) Lisa Tuttle</ref>
* Changing the organizational sexual culture, e.g., breaking down traditional gender roles and reevaluating societal concepts of femininity and masculinity (a common demand in US universities during the 1980s). In this, they often form tactical alliances with other currents of feminism. {{vague|date=October 2020}}

==Views on the sex industry==
Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the [[Feminist views of pornography#Harm to women during production|harm done to women]] during the production of pornography, [[Feminist views on pornography#Social harm from exposure to pornography|the social harm]] from consumption of pornography, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Coercion and poverty|the coercion and poverty]] that leads women to become prostitutes, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Long-term effects on the prostitutes|the long-term detrimental effects]] of prostitution, [[Feminist views on prostitution#The raced and classed nature of prostitution|the raced and classed nature]] of prostitution, and [[Feminist views on prostitution#Male dominance over women|male dominance over women]] in prostitution and pornography.

===Prostitution===
{{main|Feminist views on prostitution}}
Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, [[human trafficking]], poverty, [[Addiction|drug addiction]], or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?"<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |title=Prostitution in Five Countries |publisher=Feminism & Psychology |year=1998 |first1=Melissa |last1=Farley|first2=Isin |last2=Baral |first3=Merab |last3=Kiremire |first4=Ufuk |last4=Sezgin |pages=405–426 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306002439/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 }}</ref> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives, and most wanted to leave the occupation.<ref>Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html |date=2010-01-04 }}. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved on 2009-09-03.</ref>

MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |title=It's Wrong to Pay for Sex |date=5 August 2009 |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio |accessdate=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230257/http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |archivedate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of [[Kathleen Barry]], consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".<ref name="Barry">Barry, Kathleen (1995). ''The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women''. New York: New York University Press.</ref> [[Andrea Dworkin]] wrote in 1992:

<blockquote>Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. ... In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html|website=Andrea Dworkin Online Library|publisher=No Status Quo|date=October 31, 1992|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref></blockquote>

She argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Respose to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023435/http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |title=SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right? |author=Cecilia Hofmann |publisher=CATW-Asia Pacific |date=August 1997 |accessdate=2010-05-09 }}</ref> "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"|journal=Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists strongly object to the [[patriarchal]] ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves; therefore it is "necessary" that a small number of women be "sacrificed" to be used and abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists see prostitution as a form of slavery, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp ''increase'' in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. [[Melissa Farley]] argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution. Nevada is the only US state that allows legal brothels, and it is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |title=Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN |publisher=Inner-star.org |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030047/http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |title=Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking |author=MARK WAITE |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174035/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |archivedate=December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<ref name="Lynne">{{cite journal |last1=Farley |first1=M. |last2=Lynne |first2=J. |last3=Cotton |first3=A. |title=Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=242–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/1363461505052667 |pmid=16114585 |s2cid=31035931}}</ref>

===Pornography===
{{main|Feminist views of pornography}}
[[File:MacKinnon.8May.CambridgeMA.png|thumb|[[Catharine MacKinnon]]]]

Radical feminists, notably [[Catharine MacKinnon]], charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic [[coercion]] of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.{{efn|MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."{{sfn|MacKinnon|1989|p=196}}}}<ref>MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue". ''Yale Law and Policy Review'' 2:321-345.</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite episode| title = A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)| series = [[Think Tank]]|network= PBS| year = 1995| url = https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref><ref name=stanford-shrage>Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography"]. In ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. [[Gail Dines]] holds that pornography, exemplified by [[Point of view pornography|gonzo pornography]], is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production.{{efn|Dines (2008): "The porn that makes most of the money for the industry is actually the gonzo, body-punishing variety that shows women's bodies being physically stretched to the limit, humiliated and degraded. Even porn industry people commented in a recent article in Adult Video News, that gonzo porn is taking its toll on the women, and the turnover is high because they can't stand the brutal acts on the body for very long."<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Dines| first1 = Gail| title = Penn, Porn and Me| work = [[CounterPunch]]| date = 23 June 2008| url = http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143944/http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| archivedate = 30 March 2009}}</ref>}}<ref>Dines, Gail. (24 March 2007). "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5003155114018800220# Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context]", ''Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism''. Wheelock College, Boston, 24 March 2007.</ref>

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as [[Traci Lords]] and [[Linda Boreman]], and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of ''Ordeal'', in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'') stated that she had been beaten, raped, and [[pimp]]ed by her husband [[Chuck Traynor]], and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in ''Deep Throat'', as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches.<ref>Brownmiller, ''In Our Time'', p. 337.</ref>

Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn.<ref name="GailDines-JulieBindel-PornIndustry">Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/02/gail-dines-pornography "The Truth About the Porn Industry"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."<ref name=mackinnon-fu>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|title=Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law|date=1987|page=176|chapter=Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-29873-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/176}}</ref>

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of [[rape]] and other forms of [[violence against women]]. [[Robin Morgan]] summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice."<ref>Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In: ''Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-48227-1}}</ref> They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and [[sexual harassment]]. In her book ''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' (1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"|journal=Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering [[rape myth]]s. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."|journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented.<ref name="mackinnon-guardian">{{cite web|last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

German radical feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

==Radical lesbian feminism==
{{Main|Radical lesbians}}
[[File:Julie Bindel, 26 October 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Julie Bindel]]]]

[[Radical lesbians]] are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see [[lesbian]]ism as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women. [[Julie Bindel]] has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.<ref name=Bindel30Jan2009>{{cite web|last1=Bindel|first1=Julie|title=My sexual revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s, [[heterosexual|straight]] women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer [[Jill Johnston]], a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex".<ref name=":9">Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)" ''Radical Feminism'': ''A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement.

Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of [[heteronormativity]], which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions".<ref name=":9" /> They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement.<ref name=":10">Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)" ''Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.</ref>

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power.<ref name=":10" /> They defined lesbians not only by their sexual preference, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists [[Sidney Abbott]] and [[Barbara Love]] argued that "the lesbian ''has'' freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}}

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication (263-264)|volume=}}</ref>

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group [[Radicalesbians]] underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness.<ref name=":11" /> Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

<blockquote>As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male culture.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

[[Radicalesbians]] reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke".<ref name=":11" /> The rhetoric of a ''"woman-identified-woman"'' has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, "[lesbian feminism's use of] woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the ''"man-hater"'' or ''"bra burner"''.<ref name=":2" />

==Views on transgender topics==
{{main|Feminist views on transgender topics}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about [[transgender]] identities.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] voted to become [[womyn-born womyn]] only and wrote:

<blockquote>A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat.<ref name="ross1995">Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}.</ref></blockquote>

Some radical feminists, such as [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[John Stoltenberg]] have supported the notion that [[transwomen]] are women, which has been described as ''trans-inclusive'' feminism,<ref name="Abeni">{{cite web|last1=Abeni|first1=Cleis|title=New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots|url=http://www.advocate.com/think-trans/2016/2/03/new-history-project-unearths-radical-feminisms-trans-affirming-roots|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=The Advocate|date=3 February 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TransAdvocate>{{Cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm|website=TransAdvocate|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=WilliamsTSQ>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=May 2016|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> while the vast majority, most notably [[Mary Daly]], [[Janice Raymond]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Germaine Greer]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], [[Julie Bindel]], and [[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]], have argued that the transgender movement perpetuates patriarchal gender norms and is incompatible with radical-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary |title=Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism |date=1978 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=Boston |edition=1990 |isbn=978-0807015100 |lccn= 78053790 |url=https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/><ref name=Pomerleau>{{cite book|last1=Pomerleau|first1=Clark A.|title=Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism|date=2013|pages=28–29|chapter=1|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0292752948}}</ref><ref name=Jensen2015>{{cite web|last1=Jensen|first1=Robert|title=A transgender problem for diversity politics|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest-columns/20150605-robert-jensen-a-transgender-problem-for-diversity-politics.ece|accessdate=November 20, 2015|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/06/15/cathy-brennan-on-radfem-2013/ | title=Cathy Brennan On Radfem 2013 | work=Forbes | date=15 June 2013|first1= Peter J.|last1=Reilly}}</ref>

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as ''gender critical''<ref name="Goldberg 2015">{{cite web |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/gender-critical-trans-women-the-apostates-of-the-trans-rights-movement.html |accessdate=12 April 2019 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flaherty 2018">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title='TERF' War |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/29/philosophers-object-journals-publication-terf-reference-some-feminists-it-really |accessdate=12 April 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary.<ref name="Compton">{{cite web |last1=Compton |first1=Julie |title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "[[Feminist views on transgender topics#The term "TERF"|trans-exclusionary radical feminists]]" or "[[TERF]]s",<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /><ref name="Goldberg 2015" /><ref name="Compton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cristan |date=2016-05-01 |title=Radical InclusionRecounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–258 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref> an acronym to which they object,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/are-you-now-or-have-you-ever-been-terf|title=Are you now or have you ever been a TERF? |last1=MacDonald |first1=Terry |date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman|New Statesman America]]}}</ref> say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of [[trans men]] as women),<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /> and argue is a [[pejorative|slur]] or even [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=What Is a Woman? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |accessdate=November 20, 2015 |quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ |title='TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan E. |publisher=Feminist Current |date=September 21, 2017 |quote=If “TERF” were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative, and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of “TERF” before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn’t believe us before, you now have no excuse.}}</ref> These feminists argue that because trans women are [[Sex assignment|assigned male at birth]], they are accorded corresponding privileges in society, and even if they choose to present as women, the fact that they have a choice in this sets them apart from people assigned female. Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of socialization. [[Lierre Keith]] describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission",{{efn|Keith (2013): "Female socialization is a process of psychologically constraining and breaking girls—otherwise known as 'grooming'—to create a class of compliant victims. Femininity is a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission."<ref name=Keith21June2013>{{cite web | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/55123/ | title=The Emperor's New Penis | magazine=[[CounterPunch]] | date=21–23 June 2013 | author=Keith, Lierre}}</ref>}}<ref name="newyorker"/> and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and [[Gender identity|gender-identity]] politics are an obstacle to gender abolition.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name="Forbes" /> [[Julie Bindel]] argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep [[gender stereotypes]] intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'."<ref>[https://idgeofreason.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/2008-statement-from-julie-bindel/ "2008 Statement from Julie Bindel"], courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com.</ref><ref name="CSOTP">{{cite web|last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629093225/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender-reassignment operations in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamedani|first1=Ali|title=The gay people pushed to change their gender|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690|work=BBC News|date=5 November 2014|quote=There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male]]'' (1979), the lesbian radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]] argued that "transsexuals ... reduce the female form to artefact, appropriating this body for themselves".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male|last1=Raymond|first1=Janice G.|date=1979|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807762721|location=New York|p=xx}}</ref> In ''The Whole Woman'' (1999), [[Germaine Greer]] wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because [those governments] see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".<ref name="Greer2009">{{cite book|url=|title=The Whole Woman|author=Germaine Greer|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-307-56113-8|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymJArTm2CAIC&pg=PT101 101]}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional [[stereotype]] of women" and that by [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]] they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|year=1997|title=Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|url=http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Transgender%20Activism%20A%20Lesbian%20Feminist%20Perspective%20by%20Sheila%20Jeffreys%2C%20Journal%20of%20Lesbian%20Studies%201997%5B1%5D.pdf|journal=The Journal of Lesbian Studies|doi=10.1300/J155v01n03_03}}</ref> In ''Gender Hurts'' (2014), she referred to [[sex reassignment surgery]] as "self-mutilation",{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|pp=68–71}} and used pronouns that refer to biological sex. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|p=9}}<ref name="newyorker" />

By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism: "work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female," "man" and "woman," are used only because as yet there are no others."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Woman Hating|date=1974|pages=175–176|chapter=Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community|publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47423-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womanhating00dwor/page/175}}</ref> In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

<blockquote>"Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<ref name=TransAdvocate /></blockquote>

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
[[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."{{sfn|Dines|2011}}

== Criticism ==

Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy".{{sfn|Willis|1984}} Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Becky|title= Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e742ad93c990615a97d8c857597206b6ebaf54b |journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=337–360 |jstor=3178747|doi=10.2307/3178747|s2cid=152165042}}</ref> This view is contested, particularly by [[intersectional feminism]] and [[black feminism]]. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".{{sfn|Willis|1984}}

[[Ellen Willis]]' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the [[New Left]], radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in ''ad hoc'' coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=120–122}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references/>

=== Parenthetical sources ===

*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=6: Radical Feminism, Ti-Grace Atkinson|pages=82–89|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement, Martha Shelley|pages=305–309|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite web|last1=Dines|first1=Gail|author-link=Gail Dines|title= Gail Dines on radical feminism|publisher=WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 29, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9LVVxvuomU&t=0m20s}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Echols|first1=Alice|author-link1=Alice Echols|title=Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=0-8166-1786-4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Sara M.|title=Re-Viewing the Second Wave|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|year=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=258–267|doi=10.2307/3178740|jstor=3178740}}
*{{cite book|last1=Firestone|first1=Shulamith|author-link=Shulamith Firestone|title=The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|year=1970|edition=1st|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-688-12359-7|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Jeffreys|title=Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon, Oxon, England|isbn=978-0415539395}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Linden-Ward|editor1-first=Blanche|editor2-last=Green|editor2-first=Carol Hurd|title=American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future|year=1993|edition=1st|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8057-9905-2|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenin100lind/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-89645-9|url=https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth0000mack/page/n3/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Willis|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Willis|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=[[Social Text]]|year=1984|volume=The 60's without Apology|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|jstor=466537|doi=10.2307/466537}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|author1-link=Carol Hanisch|last1=Hanisch|first1=Carol|last2=Scarbrough|first2=Kathy|author3-link=Ti-Grace Atkinson|last3=Atkinson|first3=Ti-Grace|author4-link=Kathie Sarachild|last4=Sarachild|first4=Kathie|display-authors=et al.|title=The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of "Gender"|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf|website=Meeting Ground OnLine|date=August 12, 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=Notes From the First Year|url=https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15957coll6/id/650/page/0/inline/p15957coll6_650_0|magazine=[[New York Radical Women]]|date=June 1968}} (via [[Duke University Libraries]].)
* {{cite web|title=Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives|url=http://redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings|website=[[Redstockings]]}}
* {{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Penny|title=Strands of Feminist Theory|url=http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]|date=February 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504203058/http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|archivedate=May 4, 2001|url-status=dead}}

;Books and journals

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Diane|editor2-last=Klein|editor2-first=Renate|title=Radically Speaking|date=1996|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=1-875559-38-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coote|first1=Anna|last2=Campbell|first2=Beatrix|title=Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation|date=1982|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|location=London |isbn=0-330-26511-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ehrlich|editor1-first=Susan|editor2-last=Meyerhoff|editor2-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Janet|title=The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality|year=2014|edition=2nd|pages=23–47|chapter=The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz|publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]]|chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470656426|isbn=978-0470656426}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Koedt|editor1-first=Anne|editor-link1=Anne Koedt|editor2-last=Levine|editor2-first=Ellen|editor3-last=Rapone|editor3-first=Anita|title=Radical Feminism|year=1973|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=9780812962208|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Love|editor1-first=Barbara J.|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|location=Champaign, Illinois|isbn=978-0-252-03189-2}}

Radical feminism

2020-11-18T03:48:14Z

Technician:

{{draft}}

'''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a [[Political radicalism|radical]] reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.<ref name="willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis|first1=Ellen |title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466537 |journal=Social Text |date=1984 |issue=9/10 |pages=91–118 |doi=10.2307/466537 |jstor=466537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giardina, Carol.|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/833292896|title=Freedom for women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=|isbn=0-8130-3456-6|location=|pages=|oclc=833292896}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|title=Feminist Consciousness: Race and Class – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/feminist-consciousness-race-and-class/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a [[patriarchy]] in which [[Man|men]] dominate and oppress [[Woman|women]]. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy as one front in a struggle to "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions." This struggle includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], challenging the concept of [[gender role]]s, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered capitalism that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to [[Shulamith Firestone]] in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''[[Male privilege|privilege]]'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."{{sfn|Firestone|1970|p=11}} While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and [[secondary sex characteristics]] should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanisch|first=Carol|title=Housework, Reproduction and Women’s Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/housework-reproduction-and-womens-liberation-2/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon"{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=122}} prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=123}} Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=117, 141}}

Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]).

== Theory and ideology ==

Radical feminists assert that society is a [[patriarchy]] in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women.{{sfn|Echols|1989|p=139}} They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}} As radical feminist [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

<blockquote>The first dichotomous division of this mass [mankind] is said to have been on the grounds of sex: [[male]] and [[female]] ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the ‘rational’ animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals’ definition from the human to the functional, or animal.{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=85}}</blockquote>

Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir, Simone de (Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand), 1908-1986.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1105756674|title=The Second Sex|date=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-09-959573-1|oclc=1105756674}}</ref>" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the ''need'' men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=86}}

The influence of radical-feminist politics on the [[women's liberation movement]] was considerable. [[Redstockings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Redstockings|url=http://redstockings.org/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=redstockings.org}}</ref> co-founder [[Ellen Willis]] wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created [[second-wave feminism]]'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the USA, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=138}}

== Movement ==

=== Roots ===

Radical feminists in the [[United States]] coined the term [[women's liberation movement]] (WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the [[civil rights movement]], that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against [[racism]]. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of [[second wave feminism]] that started in the early 1960s.<ref>Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25</ref> The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included [[Shulamith Firestone]], [[Kathie Sarachild]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[Carol Hanisch]], [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|Roxanne Dunbar]], [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]]. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles".{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=418}}

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including [[abortion rights]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], access to credit, and equal pay.{{sfn|Evans|2002}} Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movment ([[Frances M. Beal|Fran Beal]], [[Cellestine Ware,]] [[Toni Cade Bambara]]); however, women of color in general did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", [[Black women]] in particular.{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=434}} After [[consciousness raising]] groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the [[middle-class]] [[nuclear family]] that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both [[New Left]] organizations such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Initially concentrated in big cities like [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], Washington, DC, and on the West Coast,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}}{{efn|Willis (1984) doesn't mention Chicago, but as early as 1967 Chicago was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the ''Voice of Women's Liberation Movement''; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963-1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717042308/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm |date=17 July 2007}}.}} radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women’s Yearbook<ref>The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref> from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

<blockquote>Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferree|first1=Myra Marx|title=Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective|date=2012|page=60|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Redwood City, California|chapter=Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978|isbn=978-0804757591}}</ref><ref>Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78</ref>
</blockquote>

Radical feminists introduced the use of [[consciousness raising]] (CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or [[social class]]. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political [[ideology]] based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation—''patriarchy'' (government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men.

===Groups===
[[File:Redstockings.png|thumb|Logo of the [[Redstockings]]]]

Within groups such as [[New York Radical Women]] (1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization [[Radical Women]]), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that "the personal is political" and the "sisterhood is powerful";{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} calls to women's activism coined by [[Kathie Sarachild]] and others in the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism|last1=Bromley|first1=Victoria|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} soon constituted the basis of a new organization, [[Redstockings]]. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as [[The Feminists]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=124}} A third major stance would be articulated by the [[New York Radical Feminists]], founded later in 1969 by [[Shulamith Firestone]] (who broke from the Redstockings) and [[Anne Koedt]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=133}}

During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews".{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay ''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' (1970) and [[Kate Millet]]'s book ''[[Sexual Politics]]'' (1970), emerged during this time and in this [[Social environment|milieu]].

=== Ideology emerges and diverges ===
At the beginning of this period, "[[heterosexuality]] was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the [[sexual revolution]] of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on [[monogamy]], had been largely gained by men at women's expense.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=121}} This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of [[political lesbianism]], closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=131}}

Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a [[materialism|materialist]] and anti-[[psychologism|psychologistic]] view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-[[Maoism|Maoist]]"—that it would be possible to unite all or virtually all women, as a class, to confront this oppression by personally confronting men.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=124—128}}

[[File:Ellen willis.png|thumb|[[Ellen Willis]]]]

The Feminists held a more [[idealism|idealistic]], psychologistic, and [[utopianism|utopian]] philosophy, with a greater emphasis on "[[sex role]]s", seeing [[sexism]] as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. [[Ellen Willis]], the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for [their] militance", whereas The Feminists embraced [[separatist feminism]] as a strategy.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=130–132}}

The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even [[biological determinism|biologically determinist]]) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that [[social conditioning]] simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=133–134}}

=== Forms of action ===
The radical feminism of the late 60s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire [[direct action]]. In 1968, feminists protested against the [[Miss America]] pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"|journal=History Teacher Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> In March of 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the ''Ladies Home Journal'', "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Hunter, Jean|title=A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=117}} In France and West Germany radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

==== Self-incrimination ====
On 6 June 1971 the cover of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” ([[:de:|wir haben abgetrieben!]]) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban.<ref name=FMT_§218>{{Cite web | url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/abtreibung-gegen-218/ |title = Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date = 20 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digitales-deutsches-frauenarchiv.de/akteurinnen/aktion-218 | title=Aktion 218}}</ref> The journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

Later in 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in ''[[Der Spiegel]]''<ref name=DerSpiegel>{{Cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41739035.html | title=Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern | work=[[Der Spiegel]] |pages=29–31 | date=11 March 1974 |language=German}}</ref> to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with [[vacuum aspiration]], thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program ''Panorama''. [[Cristina Perincioli]] described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West Germany's [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] (association of public broadcasters), the film was not aired. Instead Panorama's producers replaced the time slot with a statement of protest and the display of an empty studio.<ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/abortion-gynecology-1973-75/]</ref>

==== Circumventing the abortion ban ====
In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in [[West Berlin]].<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English: https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/berlin-womens-center-1972/]</ref> These Berlin based women’s centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany.<ref>Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)</ref> Police accused the organizers of illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state."<ref>Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref>

==== Leaving the Church ====
In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the Catholic Church as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children".<ref name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März) |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref> In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying
a church tax.<ref>[name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März)] |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref>

====Protest of biased coverage of lesbians====
In November of 1972 two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by [[Bild]], Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian sensationalism. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October of 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer Company]], Bild's publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial Bild had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English: [https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/media-group-1973-75/]</ref><ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/lesbian-life/1973-74-witch-hunt/]</ref>

==== Genital self-exams ====
Helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the {{ill|Berlin Feminist Women’s Health Center|de|Feministische Frauen Gesundheits Zentrum|lt=Feminist Women’s Health Center|vertical-align=sup}} (FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

=== Social organization and aims ===
Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of [[squatting|squats]] to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.<ref>Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, ''Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives''. Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press), 1st ed. 2003. {{ISBN|1-58465-325-6}}</ref> While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include:

* Expanding [[reproductive rights]]. According to writer [[Lisa Tuttle]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."<ref>From ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' (1986) Lisa Tuttle</ref>
* Changing the organizational sexual culture, e.g., breaking down traditional gender roles and reevaluating societal concepts of femininity and masculinity (a common demand in US universities during the 1980s). In this, they often form tactical alliances with other currents of feminism. {{vague|date=October 2020}}

==Views on the sex industry==
Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the [[Feminist views of pornography#Harm to women during production|harm done to women]] during the production of pornography, [[Feminist views on pornography#Social harm from exposure to pornography|the social harm]] from consumption of pornography, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Coercion and poverty|the coercion and poverty]] that leads women to become prostitutes, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Long-term effects on the prostitutes|the long-term detrimental effects]] of prostitution, [[Feminist views on prostitution#The raced and classed nature of prostitution|the raced and classed nature]] of prostitution, and [[Feminist views on prostitution#Male dominance over women|male dominance over women]] in prostitution and pornography.

===Prostitution===
{{main|Feminist views on prostitution}}
Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, [[human trafficking]], poverty, [[Addiction|drug addiction]], or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?"<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |title=Prostitution in Five Countries |publisher=Feminism & Psychology |year=1998 |first1=Melissa |last1=Farley|first2=Isin |last2=Baral |first3=Merab |last3=Kiremire |first4=Ufuk |last4=Sezgin |pages=405–426 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306002439/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 }}</ref> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives, and most wanted to leave the occupation.<ref>Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html |date=2010-01-04 }}. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved on 2009-09-03.</ref>

MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |title=It's Wrong to Pay for Sex |date=5 August 2009 |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio |accessdate=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230257/http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |archivedate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of [[Kathleen Barry]], consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".<ref name="Barry">Barry, Kathleen (1995). ''The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women''. New York: New York University Press.</ref> [[Andrea Dworkin]] wrote in 1992:

<blockquote>Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. ... In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html|website=Andrea Dworkin Online Library|publisher=No Status Quo|date=October 31, 1992|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref></blockquote>

She argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Respose to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023435/http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |title=SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right? |author=Cecilia Hofmann |publisher=CATW-Asia Pacific |date=August 1997 |accessdate=2010-05-09 }}</ref> "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"|journal=Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists strongly object to the [[patriarchal]] ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves; therefore it is "necessary" that a small number of women be "sacrificed" to be used and abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists see prostitution as a form of slavery, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp ''increase'' in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. [[Melissa Farley]] argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution. Nevada is the only US state that allows legal brothels, and it is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |title=Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN |publisher=Inner-star.org |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030047/http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |title=Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking |author=MARK WAITE |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174035/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |archivedate=December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<ref name="Lynne">{{cite journal |last1=Farley |first1=M. |last2=Lynne |first2=J. |last3=Cotton |first3=A. |title=Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=242–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/1363461505052667 |pmid=16114585 |s2cid=31035931}}</ref>

===Pornography===
{{main|Feminist views of pornography}}
[[File:MacKinnon.8May.CambridgeMA.png|thumb|[[Catharine MacKinnon]]]]

Radical feminists, notably [[Catharine MacKinnon]], charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic [[coercion]] of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.{{efn|MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."{{sfn|MacKinnon|1989|p=196}}}}<ref>MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue". ''Yale Law and Policy Review'' 2:321-345.</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite episode| title = A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)| series = [[Think Tank]]|network= PBS| year = 1995| url = https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref><ref name=stanford-shrage>Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography"]. In ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. [[Gail Dines]] holds that pornography, exemplified by [[Point of view pornography|gonzo pornography]], is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production.{{efn|Dines (2008): "The porn that makes most of the money for the industry is actually the gonzo, body-punishing variety that shows women's bodies being physically stretched to the limit, humiliated and degraded. Even porn industry people commented in a recent article in Adult Video News, that gonzo porn is taking its toll on the women, and the turnover is high because they can't stand the brutal acts on the body for very long."<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Dines| first1 = Gail| title = Penn, Porn and Me| work = [[CounterPunch]]| date = 23 June 2008| url = http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143944/http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| archivedate = 30 March 2009}}</ref>}}<ref>Dines, Gail. (24 March 2007). "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5003155114018800220# Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context]", ''Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism''. Wheelock College, Boston, 24 March 2007.</ref>

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as [[Traci Lords]] and [[Linda Boreman]], and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of ''Ordeal'', in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'') stated that she had been beaten, raped, and [[pimp]]ed by her husband [[Chuck Traynor]], and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in ''Deep Throat'', as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches.<ref>Brownmiller, ''In Our Time'', p. 337.</ref>

Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn.<ref name="GailDines-JulieBindel-PornIndustry">Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/02/gail-dines-pornography "The Truth About the Porn Industry"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."<ref name=mackinnon-fu>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|title=Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law|date=1987|page=176|chapter=Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-29873-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/176}}</ref>

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of [[rape]] and other forms of [[violence against women]]. [[Robin Morgan]] summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice."<ref>Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In: ''Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-48227-1}}</ref> They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and [[sexual harassment]]. In her book ''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' (1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"|journal=Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering [[rape myth]]s. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."|journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented.<ref name="mackinnon-guardian">{{Cite news|last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

German radical feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

==Radical lesbian feminism==
{{Main|Radical lesbians}}
[[File:Julie Bindel, 26 October 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Julie Bindel]]]]

[[Radical lesbians]] are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see [[lesbian]]ism as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women. [[Julie Bindel]] has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.<ref name=Bindel30Jan2009>{{cite news|last1=Bindel|first1=Julie|title=My sexual revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s, [[heterosexual|straight]] women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer [[Jill Johnston]], a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex".<ref name=":9">Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)" ''Radical Feminism'': ''A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement.

Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of [[heteronormativity]], which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions".<ref name=":9" /> They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement.<ref name=":10">Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)" ''Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.</ref>

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power.<ref name=":10" /> They defined lesbians not only by their sexual preference, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists [[Sidney Abbott]] and [[Barbara Love]] argued that "the lesbian ''has'' freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}}

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication (263-264)|volume=}}</ref>

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group [[Radicalesbians]] underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness.<ref name=":11" /> Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

<blockquote>As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male culture.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

[[Radicalesbians]] reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke".<ref name=":11" /> The rhetoric of a ''"woman-identified-woman"'' has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, "[lesbian feminism's use of] woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the ''"man-hater"'' or ''"bra burner"''.<ref name=":2" />

==Views on transgender topics==
{{main|Feminist views on transgender topics}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about [[transgender]] identities.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] voted to become [[womyn-born womyn]] only and wrote:

<blockquote>A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat.<ref name="ross1995">Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}.</ref></blockquote>

Some radical feminists, such as [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[John Stoltenberg]] have supported the notion that [[transwomen]] are women, which has been described as ''trans-inclusive'' feminism,<ref name="Abeni">{{cite news|last1=Abeni|first1=Cleis|title=New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots|url=http://www.advocate.com/think-trans/2016/2/03/new-history-project-unearths-radical-feminisms-trans-affirming-roots|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=The Advocate|date=3 February 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TransAdvocate>{{Cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm|website=TransAdvocate|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=WilliamsTSQ>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=May 2016|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> while the vast majority, most notably [[Mary Daly]], [[Janice Raymond]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Germaine Greer]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], [[Julie Bindel]], and [[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]], have argued that the transgender movement perpetuates patriarchal gender norms and is incompatible with radical-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary |title=Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism |date=1978 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=Boston |edition=1990 |isbn=978-0807015100 |lccn= 78053790 |url=https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/><ref name=Pomerleau>{{cite book|last1=Pomerleau|first1=Clark A.|title=Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism|date=2013|pages=28–29|chapter=1|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0292752948}}</ref><ref name=Jensen2015>{{cite news|last1=Jensen|first1=Robert|title=A transgender problem for diversity politics|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest-columns/20150605-robert-jensen-a-transgender-problem-for-diversity-politics.ece|accessdate=November 20, 2015|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/06/15/cathy-brennan-on-radfem-2013/ | title=Cathy Brennan On Radfem 2013 | work=Forbes | date=15 June 2013|first1= Peter J.|last1=Reilly}}</ref>

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as ''gender critical''<ref name="Goldberg 2015">{{cite magazine |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/gender-critical-trans-women-the-apostates-of-the-trans-rights-movement.html |accessdate=12 April 2019 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flaherty 2018">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title='TERF' War |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/29/philosophers-object-journals-publication-terf-reference-some-feminists-it-really |accessdate=12 April 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary.<ref name="Compton">{{cite news |last1=Compton |first1=Julie |title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "[[Feminist views on transgender topics#The term "TERF"|trans-exclusionary radical feminists]]" or "[[TERF]]s",<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /><ref name="Goldberg 2015" /><ref name="Compton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cristan |date=2016-05-01 |title=Radical InclusionRecounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–258 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref> an acronym to which they object,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/are-you-now-or-have-you-ever-been-terf|title=Are you now or have you ever been a TERF? |last1=MacDonald |first1=Terry |date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman|New Statesman America]]}}</ref> say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of [[trans men]] as women),<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /> and argue is a [[pejorative|slur]] or even [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=What Is a Woman? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |accessdate=November 20, 2015 |quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ |title='TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan E. |publisher=Feminist Current |date=September 21, 2017 |quote=If “TERF” were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative, and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of “TERF” before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn’t believe us before, you now have no excuse.}}</ref> These feminists argue that because trans women are [[Sex assignment|assigned male at birth]], they are accorded corresponding privileges in society, and even if they choose to present as women, the fact that they have a choice in this sets them apart from people assigned female. Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of socialization. [[Lierre Keith]] describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission",{{efn|Keith (2013): "Female socialization is a process of psychologically constraining and breaking girls—otherwise known as 'grooming'—to create a class of compliant victims. Femininity is a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission."<ref name=Keith21June2013>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/55123/ | title=The Emperor's New Penis | magazine=[[CounterPunch]] | date=21–23 June 2013 | author=Keith, Lierre}}</ref>}}<ref name="newyorker"/> and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and [[Gender identity|gender-identity]] politics are an obstacle to gender abolition.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name="Forbes" /> [[Julie Bindel]] argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep [[gender stereotypes]] intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'."<ref>[https://idgeofreason.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/2008-statement-from-julie-bindel/ "2008 Statement from Julie Bindel"], courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com.</ref><ref name="CSOTP">{{Cite news|last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629093225/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender-reassignment operations in Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamedani|first1=Ali|title=The gay people pushed to change their gender|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690|work=BBC News|date=5 November 2014|quote=There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male]]'' (1979), the lesbian radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]] argued that "transsexuals ... reduce the female form to artefact, appropriating this body for themselves".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male|last1=Raymond|first1=Janice G.|date=1979|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807762721|location=New York|p=xx}}</ref> In ''The Whole Woman'' (1999), [[Germaine Greer]] wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because [those governments] see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".<ref name="Greer2009">{{cite book|url=|title=The Whole Woman|author=Germaine Greer|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-307-56113-8|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymJArTm2CAIC&pg=PT101 101]}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional [[stereotype]] of women" and that by [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]] they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|year=1997|title=Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|url=http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Transgender%20Activism%20A%20Lesbian%20Feminist%20Perspective%20by%20Sheila%20Jeffreys%2C%20Journal%20of%20Lesbian%20Studies%201997%5B1%5D.pdf|journal=The Journal of Lesbian Studies|doi=10.1300/J155v01n03_03}}</ref> In ''Gender Hurts'' (2014), she referred to [[sex reassignment surgery]] as "self-mutilation",{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|pp=68–71}} and used pronouns that refer to biological sex. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|p=9}}<ref name="newyorker" />

By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism: "work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female," "man" and "woman," are used only because as yet there are no others."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Woman Hating|date=1974|pages=175–176|chapter=Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community|publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47423-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womanhating00dwor/page/175}}</ref> In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

<blockquote>"Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<ref name=TransAdvocate /></blockquote>

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
[[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."{{sfn|Dines|2011}}

== Criticism ==

Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy".{{sfn|Willis|1984}} Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Becky|title= Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e742ad93c990615a97d8c857597206b6ebaf54b |journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=337–360 |jstor=3178747|doi=10.2307/3178747|s2cid=152165042}}</ref> This view is contested, particularly by [[intersectional feminism]] and [[black feminism]]. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".{{sfn|Willis|1984}}

[[Ellen Willis]]' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the [[New Left]], radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in ''ad hoc'' coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=120–122}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references/>

=== Parenthetical sources ===

*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=6: Radical Feminism, Ti-Grace Atkinson|pages=82–89|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement, Martha Shelley|pages=305–309|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite web|last1=Dines|first1=Gail|author-link=Gail Dines|title= Gail Dines on radical feminism|publisher=WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 29, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9LVVxvuomU&t=0m20s}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Echols|first1=Alice|author-link1=Alice Echols|title=Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=0-8166-1786-4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Sara M.|title=Re-Viewing the Second Wave|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|year=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=258–267|doi=10.2307/3178740|jstor=3178740}}
*{{cite book|last1=Firestone|first1=Shulamith|author-link=Shulamith Firestone|title=The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|year=1970|edition=1st|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-688-12359-7|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Jeffreys|title=Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon, Oxon, England|isbn=978-0415539395}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Linden-Ward|editor1-first=Blanche|editor2-last=Green|editor2-first=Carol Hurd|title=American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future|year=1993|edition=1st|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8057-9905-2|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenin100lind/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-89645-9|url=https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth0000mack/page/n3/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Willis|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Willis|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=[[Social Text]]|year=1984|volume=The 60's without Apology|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|jstor=466537|doi=10.2307/466537}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|author1-link=Carol Hanisch|last1=Hanisch|first1=Carol|last2=Scarbrough|first2=Kathy|author3-link=Ti-Grace Atkinson|last3=Atkinson|first3=Ti-Grace|author4-link=Kathie Sarachild|last4=Sarachild|first4=Kathie|display-authors=et al.|title=The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of "Gender"|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf|website=Meeting Ground OnLine|date=August 12, 2013}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Notes From the First Year|url=https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15957coll6/id/650/page/0/inline/p15957coll6_650_0|magazine=[[New York Radical Women]]|date=June 1968}} (via [[Duke University Libraries]].)
* {{cite web|title=Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives|url=http://redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings|website=[[Redstockings]]}}
* {{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Penny|title=Strands of Feminist Theory|url=http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]|date=February 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504203058/http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|archivedate=May 4, 2001|url-status=dead}}

;Books and journals

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Diane|editor2-last=Klein|editor2-first=Renate|title=Radically Speaking|date=1996|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=1-875559-38-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coote|first1=Anna|last2=Campbell|first2=Beatrix|title=Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation|date=1982|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|location=London |isbn=0-330-26511-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ehrlich|editor1-first=Susan|editor2-last=Meyerhoff|editor2-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Janet|title=The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality|year=2014|edition=2nd|pages=23–47|chapter=The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz|publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]]|chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470656426|isbn=978-0470656426}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Koedt|editor1-first=Anne|editor-link1=Anne Koedt|editor2-last=Levine|editor2-first=Ellen|editor3-last=Rapone|editor3-first=Anita|title=Radical Feminism|year=1973|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=9780812962208|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Love|editor1-first=Barbara J.|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|location=Champaign, Illinois|isbn=978-0-252-03189-2}}

Radical feminism

2020-11-18T03:45:51Z

Technician:

{{draft}}

'''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a [[Political radicalism|radical]] reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.<ref name="willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis|first1=Ellen |title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466537 |journal=Social Text |date=1984 |issue=9/10 |pages=91–118 |doi=10.2307/466537 |jstor=466537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giardina, Carol.|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/833292896|title=Freedom for women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=|isbn=0-8130-3456-6|location=|pages=|oclc=833292896}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|title=Feminist Consciousness: Race and Class – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/feminist-consciousness-race-and-class/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a [[patriarchy]] in which [[Man|men]] dominate and oppress [[Woman|women]]. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy as one front in a struggle to "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions." This struggle includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], challenging the concept of [[gender role]]s, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered capitalism that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to [[Shulamith Firestone]] in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''[[Male privilege|privilege]]'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."{{sfn|Firestone|1970|p=11}} While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and [[secondary sex characteristics]] should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanisch|first=Carol|title=Housework, Reproduction and Women’s Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/housework-reproduction-and-womens-liberation-2/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon"{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=122}} prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=123}} Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=117, 141}}

Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]).

== Theory and ideology ==

Radical feminists assert that society is a [[patriarchy]] in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women.{{sfn|Echols|1989|p=139}} They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}} As radical feminist [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

<blockquote>The first dichotomous division of this mass [mankind] is said to have been on the grounds of sex: [[male]] and [[female]] ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the ‘rational’ animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals’ definition from the human to the functional, or animal.{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=85}}</blockquote>

Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir, Simone de (Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand), 1908-1986.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1105756674|title=The Second Sex|date=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-09-959573-1|oclc=1105756674}}</ref>" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the ''need'' men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=86}}

The influence of radical-feminist politics on the [[women's liberation movement]] was considerable. [[Redstockings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Redstockings|url=http://redstockings.org/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=redstockings.org}}</ref> co-founder [[Ellen Willis]] wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created [[second-wave feminism]]'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the USA, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=138}}

== Movement ==

=== Roots ===

Radical feminists in the [[United States]] coined the term [[women's liberation movement]] (WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the [[civil rights movement]], that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against [[racism]]. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of [[second wave feminism]] that started in the early 1960s.<ref>Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25</ref> The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included [[Shulamith Firestone]], [[Kathie Sarachild]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[Carol Hanisch]], [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|Roxanne Dunbar]], [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]]. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles".{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=418}}

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including [[abortion rights]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], access to credit, and equal pay.{{sfn|Evans|2002}} Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movment ([[Frances M. Beal|Fran Beal]], [[Cellestine Ware,]] [[Toni Cade Bambara]]); however, women of color in general did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", [[Black women]] in particular.{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=434}} After [[consciousness raising]] groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the [[middle-class]] [[nuclear family]] that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both [[New Left]] organizations such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Initially concentrated in big cities like [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], Washington, DC, and on the West Coast,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}}{{efn|Willis (1984) doesn't mention Chicago, but as early as 1967 Chicago was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the ''Voice of Women's Liberation Movement''; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963-1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717042308/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm |date=17 July 2007}}.}} radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women’s Yearbook<ref>The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref> from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

<blockquote>Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferree|first1=Myra Marx|title=Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective|date=2012|page=60|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Redwood City, California|chapter=Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978|isbn=978-0804757591}}</ref><ref>Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78</ref>
</blockquote>

Radical feminists introduced the use of [[consciousness raising]] (CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or [[social class]]. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political [[ideology]] based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation—''patriarchy'' (government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men.

===Groups===
[[File:Redstockings.png|thumb|Logo of the [[Redstockings]]]]

Within groups such as [[New York Radical Women]] (1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization [[Radical Women]]), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that "the personal is political" and the "sisterhood is powerful";{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} calls to women's activism coined by [[Kathie Sarachild]] and others in the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism|last1=Bromley|first1=Victoria|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} soon constituted the basis of a new organization, [[Redstockings]]. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as [[The Feminists]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=124}} A third major stance would be articulated by the [[New York Radical Feminists]], founded later in 1969 by [[Shulamith Firestone]] (who broke from the Redstockings) and [[Anne Koedt]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=133}}

During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews".{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay ''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' (1970) and [[Kate Millet]]'s book ''[[Sexual Politics]]'' (1970), emerged during this time and in this [[Social environment|milieu]].

=== Ideology emerges and diverges ===
At the beginning of this period, "[[heterosexuality]] was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the [[sexual revolution]] of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on [[monogamy]], had been largely gained by men at women's expense.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=121}} This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of [[political lesbianism]], closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=131}}

Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a [[materialism|materialist]] and anti-[[psychologism|psychologistic]] view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-[[Maoism|Maoist]]"—that it would be possible to unite all or virtually all women, as a class, to confront this oppression by personally confronting men.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=124—128}}

[[File:Ellen willis.png|thumb|[[Ellen Willis]]]]

The Feminists held a more [[idealism|idealistic]], psychologistic, and [[utopianism|utopian]] philosophy, with a greater emphasis on "[[sex role]]s", seeing [[sexism]] as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. [[Ellen Willis]], the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for [their] militance", whereas The Feminists embraced [[separatist feminism]] as a strategy.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=130–132}}

The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even [[biological determinism|biologically determinist]]) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that [[social conditioning]] simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=133–134}}

=== Forms of action ===
The radical feminism of the late 60s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire [[direct action]]. In 1968, feminists protested against the [[Miss America]] pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"|journal=History Teacher Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> In March of 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the ''Ladies Home Journal'', "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Hunter, Jean|title=A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=117}} In France and West Germany radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

==== Self-incrimination ====
On 6 June 1971 the cover of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” ([[:de:|wir haben abgetrieben!]]) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban.<ref name=FMT_§218>{{Cite web | url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/abtreibung-gegen-218/ |title = Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date = 20 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digitales-deutsches-frauenarchiv.de/akteurinnen/aktion-218 | title=Aktion 218}}</ref> The journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

Later in 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in ''[[Der Spiegel]]''<ref name=DerSpiegel>{{Cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41739035.html | title=Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern | work=[[Der Spiegel]] |pages=29–31 | date=11 March 1974 |language=German}}</ref> to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with [[vacuum aspiration]], thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program ''Panorama''. [[Cristina Perincioli]] described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West Germany's [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] (association of public broadcasters), the film was not aired. Instead Panorama's producers replaced the time slot with a statement of protest and the display of an empty studio.<ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/abortion-gynecology-1973-75/]</ref>

==== Circumventing the abortion ban ====
In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in [[West Berlin]].<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English: https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/berlin-womens-center-1972/]</ref> These Berlin based women’s centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany.<ref>Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)</ref> Police accused the organizers of illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state."<ref>Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref>

==== Leaving the Church ====
In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the Catholic Church as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children".<ref name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März) |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref> In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying
a church tax.<ref>[name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März)] |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref>

====Protest of biased coverage of lesbians====
In November of 1972 two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by [[Bild]], Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian sensationalism. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October of 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer Company]], Bild's publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial Bild had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English: [https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/media-group-1973-75/]</ref><ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/lesbian-life/1973-74-witch-hunt/]</ref>

==== Genital self-exams ====
Helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the {{ill|Berlin Feminist Women’s Health Center|de|Feministische Frauen Gesundheits Zentrum|lt=Feminist Women’s Health Center|vertical-align=sup}} (FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

=== Social organization and aims ===
Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of [[squatting|squats]] to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.<ref>Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, ''Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives''. Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press), 1st ed. 2003. {{ISBN|1-58465-325-6}}</ref> While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include:

* Expanding [[reproductive rights]]. According to writer [[Lisa Tuttle]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."<ref>From ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' (1986) Lisa Tuttle</ref>
* Changing the organizational sexual culture, e.g., breaking down traditional gender roles and reevaluating societal concepts of femininity and masculinity (a common demand in US universities during the 1980s). In this, they often form tactical alliances with other currents of feminism. {{vague|date=October 2020}}

==Views on the sex industry==
Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the [[Feminist views of pornography#Harm to women during production|harm done to women]] during the production of pornography, [[Feminist views on pornography#Social harm from exposure to pornography|the social harm]] from consumption of pornography, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Coercion and poverty|the coercion and poverty]] that leads women to become prostitutes, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Long-term effects on the prostitutes|the long-term detrimental effects]] of prostitution, [[Feminist views on prostitution#The raced and classed nature of prostitution|the raced and classed nature]] of prostitution, and [[Feminist views on prostitution#Male dominance over women|male dominance over women]] in prostitution and pornography.

===Prostitution===
{{main|Feminist views on prostitution}}
Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, [[human trafficking]], poverty, [[Addiction|drug addiction]], or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?"<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |title=Prostitution in Five Countries |publisher=Feminism & Psychology |year=1998 |first1=Melissa |last1=Farley|first2=Isin |last2=Baral |first3=Merab |last3=Kiremire |first4=Ufuk |last4=Sezgin |pages=405–426 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306002439/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 }}</ref> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives, and most wanted to leave the occupation.<ref>Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html |date=2010-01-04 }}. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved on 2009-09-03.</ref>

MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |title=It's Wrong to Pay for Sex |date=5 August 2009 |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio |accessdate=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230257/http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |archivedate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of [[Kathleen Barry]], consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".<ref name="Barry">Barry, Kathleen (1995). ''The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women''. New York: New York University Press.</ref> [[Andrea Dworkin]] wrote in 1992:

<blockquote>Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. ... In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html|website=Andrea Dworkin Online Library|publisher=No Status Quo|date=October 31, 1992|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref></blockquote>

She argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Respose to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023435/http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |title=SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right? |author=Cecilia Hofmann |publisher=CATW-Asia Pacific |date=August 1997 |accessdate=2010-05-09 }}</ref> "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"|journal=Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists strongly object to the [[patriarchal]] ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves; therefore it is "necessary" that a small number of women be "sacrificed" to be used and abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists see prostitution as a form of slavery, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp ''increase'' in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. [[Melissa Farley]] argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution. Nevada is the only US state that allows legal brothels, and it is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |title=Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN |publisher=Inner-star.org |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030047/http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |title=Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking |author=MARK WAITE |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174035/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |archivedate=December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<ref name="Lynne">{{cite journal |last1=Farley |first1=M. |last2=Lynne |first2=J. |last3=Cotton |first3=A. |title=Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=242–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/1363461505052667 |pmid=16114585 |s2cid=31035931}}</ref>

===Pornography===
{{main|Feminist views of pornography}}
[[File:MacKinnon.8May.CambridgeMA.png|thumb|[[Catharine MacKinnon]]]]

Radical feminists, notably [[Catharine MacKinnon]], charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic [[coercion]] of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.{{efn|MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."{{sfn|MacKinnon|1989|p=196}}}}<ref>MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue". ''Yale Law and Policy Review'' 2:321-345.</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite episode| title = A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)| series = [[Think Tank]]|network= PBS| year = 1995| url = https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref><ref name=stanford-shrage>Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography"]. In ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. [[Gail Dines]] holds that pornography, exemplified by [[Point of view pornography|gonzo pornography]], is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production.{{efn|Dines (2008): "The porn that makes most of the money for the industry is actually the gonzo, body-punishing variety that shows women's bodies being physically stretched to the limit, humiliated and degraded. Even porn industry people commented in a recent article in Adult Video News, that gonzo porn is taking its toll on the women, and the turnover is high because they can't stand the brutal acts on the body for very long."<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Dines| first1 = Gail| title = Penn, Porn and Me| work = [[CounterPunch]]| date = 23 June 2008| url = http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143944/http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| archivedate = 30 March 2009}}</ref>}}<ref>Dines, Gail. (24 March 2007). "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5003155114018800220# Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context]", ''Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism''. Wheelock College, Boston, 24 March 2007.</ref>

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as [[Traci Lords]] and [[Linda Boreman]], and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of ''Ordeal'', in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'') stated that she had been beaten, raped, and [[pimp]]ed by her husband [[Chuck Traynor]], and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in ''Deep Throat'', as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches.<ref>Brownmiller, ''In Our Time'', p. 337.</ref>

Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn.<ref name="GailDines-JulieBindel-PornIndustry">Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/02/gail-dines-pornography "The Truth About the Porn Industry"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."<ref name=mackinnon-fu>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|title=Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law|date=1987|page=176|chapter=Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-29873-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/176}}</ref>

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of [[rape]] and other forms of [[violence against women]]. [[Robin Morgan]] summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice."<ref>Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In: ''Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-48227-1}}</ref> They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and [[sexual harassment]]. In her book ''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' (1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"|journal=Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering [[rape myth]]s. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."|journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented.<ref name="mackinnon-guardian">{{Cite news|last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

German radical feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

==Radical lesbian feminism==
{{Main|Radical lesbians}}
[[File:Julie Bindel, 26 October 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Julie Bindel]]]]

[[Radical lesbians]] are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see [[lesbian]]ism as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women. [[Julie Bindel]] has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.<ref name=Bindel30Jan2009>{{cite news|last1=Bindel|first1=Julie|title=My sexual revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s, [[heterosexual|straight]] women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer [[Jill Johnston]], a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex".<ref name=":9">Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)" ''Radical Feminism'': ''A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement.

Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of [[heteronormativity]], which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions".<ref name=":9" /> They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement.<ref name=":10">Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)" ''Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.</ref>

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power.<ref name=":10" /> They defined lesbians not only by their sexual preference, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists [[Sidney Abbott]] and [[Barbara Love]] argued that "the lesbian ''has'' freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}}

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication (263-264)|volume=}}</ref>

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group [[Radicalesbians]] underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness.<ref name=":11" /> Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

<blockquote>As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male culture.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

[[Radicalesbians]] reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke".<ref name=":11" /> The rhetoric of a ''"woman-identified-woman"'' has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, "[lesbian feminism's use of] woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the ''"man-hater"'' or ''"bra burner"''.<ref name=":2" />

==Views on transgender topics==
{{main|Feminist views on transgender topics}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about [[transgender]] identities.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] voted to become [[womyn-born womyn]] only and wrote:

<blockquote>A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat.<ref name="ross1995">Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}.</ref></blockquote>

Some radical feminists, such as [[Andrea Dworkin]], [[Catharine MacKinnon]], [[John Stoltenberg]] and [[Monique Wittig]], have supported recognition of [[trans women]] as women, which they describe as ''trans-inclusive'' feminism,<ref name="Abeni">{{cite news|last1=Abeni|first1=Cleis|title=New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots|url=http://www.advocate.com/think-trans/2016/2/03/new-history-project-unearths-radical-feminisms-trans-affirming-roots|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=The Advocate|date=3 February 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TransAdvocate>{{Cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm|website=TransAdvocate|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=WilliamsTSQ>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=May 2016|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> while others, such as [[Mary Daly]], [[Janice Raymond]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Germaine Greer]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], [[Julie Bindel]], and [[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]], have argued that the transgender movement perpetuates patriarchal gender norms and is incompatible with radical-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary |title=Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism |date=1978 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=Boston |edition=1990 |isbn=978-0807015100 |lccn= 78053790 |url=https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/><ref name=Pomerleau>{{cite book|last1=Pomerleau|first1=Clark A.|title=Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism|date=2013|pages=28–29|chapter=1|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0292752948}}</ref><ref name=Jensen2015>{{cite news|last1=Jensen|first1=Robert|title=A transgender problem for diversity politics|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest-columns/20150605-robert-jensen-a-transgender-problem-for-diversity-politics.ece|accessdate=November 20, 2015|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/06/15/cathy-brennan-on-radfem-2013/ | title=Cathy Brennan On Radfem 2013 | work=Forbes | date=15 June 2013|first1= Peter J.|last1=Reilly}}</ref>

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as ''gender critical''<ref name="Goldberg 2015">{{cite magazine |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/gender-critical-trans-women-the-apostates-of-the-trans-rights-movement.html |accessdate=12 April 2019 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flaherty 2018">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title='TERF' War |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/29/philosophers-object-journals-publication-terf-reference-some-feminists-it-really |accessdate=12 April 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary.<ref name="Compton">{{cite news |last1=Compton |first1=Julie |title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "[[Feminist views on transgender topics#The term "TERF"|trans-exclusionary radical feminists]]" or "[[TERF]]s",<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /><ref name="Goldberg 2015" /><ref name="Compton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cristan |date=2016-05-01 |title=Radical InclusionRecounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–258 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref> an acronym to which they object,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/are-you-now-or-have-you-ever-been-terf|title=Are you now or have you ever been a TERF? |last1=MacDonald |first1=Terry |date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman|New Statesman America]]}}</ref> say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of [[trans men]] as women),<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /> and argue is a [[pejorative|slur]] or even [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=What Is a Woman? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |accessdate=November 20, 2015 |quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ |title='TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan E. |publisher=Feminist Current |date=September 21, 2017 |quote=If “TERF” were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative, and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of “TERF” before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn’t believe us before, you now have no excuse.}}</ref> These feminists argue that because trans women are [[Sex assignment|assigned male at birth]], they are accorded corresponding privileges in society, and even if they choose to present as women, the fact that they have a choice in this sets them apart from people assigned female. Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of socialization. [[Lierre Keith]] describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission",{{efn|Keith (2013): "Female socialization is a process of psychologically constraining and breaking girls—otherwise known as 'grooming'—to create a class of compliant victims. Femininity is a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission."<ref name=Keith21June2013>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/55123/ | title=The Emperor's New Penis | magazine=[[CounterPunch]] | date=21–23 June 2013 | author=Keith, Lierre}}</ref>}}<ref name="newyorker"/> and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and [[Gender identity|gender-identity]] politics are an obstacle to gender abolition.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name="Forbes" /> [[Julie Bindel]] argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep [[gender stereotypes]] intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'."<ref>[https://idgeofreason.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/2008-statement-from-julie-bindel/ "2008 Statement from Julie Bindel"], courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com.</ref><ref name="CSOTP">{{Cite news|last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629093225/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender-reassignment operations in Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamedani|first1=Ali|title=The gay people pushed to change their gender|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690|work=BBC News|date=5 November 2014|quote=There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male]]'' (1979), the lesbian radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]] argued that "transsexuals ... reduce the female form to artefact, appropriating this body for themselves".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male|last1=Raymond|first1=Janice G.|date=1979|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807762721|location=New York|p=xx}}</ref> In ''The Whole Woman'' (1999), [[Germaine Greer]] wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because [those governments] see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".<ref name="Greer2009">{{cite book|url=|title=The Whole Woman|author=Germaine Greer|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-307-56113-8|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymJArTm2CAIC&pg=PT101 101]}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional [[stereotype]] of women" and that by [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]] they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|year=1997|title=Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|url=http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Transgender%20Activism%20A%20Lesbian%20Feminist%20Perspective%20by%20Sheila%20Jeffreys%2C%20Journal%20of%20Lesbian%20Studies%201997%5B1%5D.pdf|journal=The Journal of Lesbian Studies|doi=10.1300/J155v01n03_03}}</ref> In ''Gender Hurts'' (2014), she referred to [[sex reassignment surgery]] as "self-mutilation",{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|pp=68–71}} and used pronouns that refer to biological sex. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|p=9}}<ref name="newyorker" />

By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism: "work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female," "man" and "woman," are used only because as yet there are no others."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Woman Hating|date=1974|pages=175–176|chapter=Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community|publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47423-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womanhating00dwor/page/175}}</ref> In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

<blockquote>"Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<ref name=TransAdvocate /></blockquote>

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
[[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."{{sfn|Dines|2011}}

== Criticism ==

Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy".{{sfn|Willis|1984}} Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Becky|title= Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e742ad93c990615a97d8c857597206b6ebaf54b |journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=337–360 |jstor=3178747|doi=10.2307/3178747|s2cid=152165042}}</ref> This view is contested, particularly by [[intersectional feminism]] and [[black feminism]]. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".{{sfn|Willis|1984}}

[[Ellen Willis]]' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the [[New Left]], radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in ''ad hoc'' coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=120–122}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references/>

=== Parenthetical sources ===

*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=6: Radical Feminism, Ti-Grace Atkinson|pages=82–89|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement, Martha Shelley|pages=305–309|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite web|last1=Dines|first1=Gail|author-link=Gail Dines|title= Gail Dines on radical feminism|publisher=WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 29, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9LVVxvuomU&t=0m20s}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Echols|first1=Alice|author-link1=Alice Echols|title=Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=0-8166-1786-4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Sara M.|title=Re-Viewing the Second Wave|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|year=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=258–267|doi=10.2307/3178740|jstor=3178740}}
*{{cite book|last1=Firestone|first1=Shulamith|author-link=Shulamith Firestone|title=The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|year=1970|edition=1st|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-688-12359-7|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Jeffreys|title=Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon, Oxon, England|isbn=978-0415539395}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Linden-Ward|editor1-first=Blanche|editor2-last=Green|editor2-first=Carol Hurd|title=American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future|year=1993|edition=1st|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8057-9905-2|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenin100lind/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-89645-9|url=https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth0000mack/page/n3/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Willis|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Willis|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=[[Social Text]]|year=1984|volume=The 60's without Apology|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|jstor=466537|doi=10.2307/466537}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|author1-link=Carol Hanisch|last1=Hanisch|first1=Carol|last2=Scarbrough|first2=Kathy|author3-link=Ti-Grace Atkinson|last3=Atkinson|first3=Ti-Grace|author4-link=Kathie Sarachild|last4=Sarachild|first4=Kathie|display-authors=et al.|title=The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of "Gender"|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf|website=Meeting Ground OnLine|date=August 12, 2013}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Notes From the First Year|url=https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15957coll6/id/650/page/0/inline/p15957coll6_650_0|magazine=[[New York Radical Women]]|date=June 1968}} (via [[Duke University Libraries]].)
* {{cite web|title=Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives|url=http://redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings|website=[[Redstockings]]}}
* {{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Penny|title=Strands of Feminist Theory|url=http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]|date=February 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504203058/http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|archivedate=May 4, 2001|url-status=dead}}

;Books and journals

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Diane|editor2-last=Klein|editor2-first=Renate|title=Radically Speaking|date=1996|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=1-875559-38-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coote|first1=Anna|last2=Campbell|first2=Beatrix|title=Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation|date=1982|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|location=London |isbn=0-330-26511-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ehrlich|editor1-first=Susan|editor2-last=Meyerhoff|editor2-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Janet|title=The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality|year=2014|edition=2nd|pages=23–47|chapter=The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz|publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]]|chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470656426|isbn=978-0470656426}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Koedt|editor1-first=Anne|editor-link1=Anne Koedt|editor2-last=Levine|editor2-first=Ellen|editor3-last=Rapone|editor3-first=Anita|title=Radical Feminism|year=1973|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=9780812962208|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Love|editor1-first=Barbara J.|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|location=Champaign, Illinois|isbn=978-0-252-03189-2}}

Meghan Murphy

2020-11-18T03:42:59Z

Technician:

''TODO: Clean up broken links, check for Wikipedian bias since the content was copied from there.''

<hr/>

'''Meghan Emily Murphy''' is a Canadian writer, journalist, and founder of ''Feminist Current'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://ravishly.com/contributors/4938 |website=Ravishly |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111629/https://ravishly.com/contributors/4938 |url-status=live }}</ref> a feminist [[website]] and [[podcast]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manchester |first1=Julia |title=Self-described feminist banned from Twitter says platform is setting 'dangerous' precedent |url=https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/420033-self-described-feminist-banned-from-twitter-says-platform-is-setting-a |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421012040/https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/420033-self-described-feminist-banned-from-twitter-says-platform-is-setting-a |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Davidson_May2019>{{cite web|last1=Davidson|first1=Gina|title=Canadian feminist Meghan Murphy 'won't be silenced' in Scotland|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/canadian-feminist-meghan-murphy-won-t-be-silenced-in-scotland-1-4930060|work=[[The Scotsman]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720093525/https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/canadian-feminist-meghan-murphy-won-t-be-silenced-in-scotland-1-4930060|url-status=live}}</ref> Her writing, speeches, and talks have criticized [[third-wave feminism]], male feminists, the [[sex industry]], [[exploitation of women in mass media]], [[censorship]], and [[gender identity]] legislation.

Based in [[Vancouver]], Murphy has written for [[CBC News]], ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', the ''[[National Post]]'', [[rabble.ca]], the ''[[New Statesman]]'', and ''[[Quillette]]'', among other media outlets.

== Early life and education ==
From 2004, she attended [[Simon Fraser University]] (SFU) and in 2010 obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Women's Studies]]. In 2012, she completed a master's degree in Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies, also at SFU.<ref>{{cite web |author=Graduate Alumni |title=MA – Course Based |url=https://www.sfu.ca/gsws/people/Alumni/Graduate_Alumni.html |website=Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111620/https://www.sfu.ca/gsws/people/Alumni/Graduate_Alumni.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism ===

Murphy began her journalism career in 2009, working for the Vancouver-based F Word Feminist Media Collective; writing until 2012 for its blog, ''The F Word'', and as a host, producer, and editor of its radio program.<ref>{{cite web |title=The F-Word Media Collective |url=https://www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/1274 |website=Grassroots Feminism |date=2012 |access-date=2019-05-04 |archive-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504042742/https://www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/1274 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The F Word |title=Occupy Valentine's Day! |url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2012/02/occupy-valentines-day |publisher=[[rabble.ca]] |date=February 14, 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504052143/http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2012/02/occupy-valentines-day |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The F Word |title=Women and skepticism |url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2009/12/women-and-skepticism |publisher=[[rabble.ca]] |date=December 17, 2009 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504052138/http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2009/12/women-and-skepticism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> In 2011, she began writing regularly for [[rabble.ca]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=http://rabble.ca/category/bios/meghan-murphy |website=[[rabble.ca]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055534/http://rabble.ca/category/bios/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> and worked as rabble's podcast network producer from November 2012, and evening editor from 2013, until February 2016. In 2012 she undertook a [[practicum]] at ''[[The Tyee]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Does Simon Fraser University Need a Men's Centre? |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/ |website=[[The Tyee]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083233/https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her work has appeared in numerous publications, including ''[[The Vancouver Observer]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.vancouverobserver.com/contributors/meghan-murphy |website=[[The Vancouver Observer]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615084804/https://www.vancouverobserver.com/contributors/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CBC News]],<ref name=Spa_CBC>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Why a women-only spa in Toronto should not change its policy to accept trans women |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/women-only-spa-counterpoint-1.4170158 |website=[[CBC News]] |date=June 21, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111618/https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/women-only-spa-counterpoint-1.4170158 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/meghan-murphy--.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=2013 |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111014/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/meghan-murphy--.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[New Statesman]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/319993 |work=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083510/https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/319993 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/contributor/meghan-murphy |website=[[Vice Media|Vice]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191442/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/contributor/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=There's nothing 'safe' about silencing dissent |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/theres-nothing-safe-about-silencing-dissent/article23667724/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 28, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224145026/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/theres-nothing-safe-about-silencing-dissent/article23667724/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[National Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Meghan Murphy: The problem with the 'I am a feminist' campaign |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-the-problem-with-the-i-am-a-feminist-campaign |work=[[National Post]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=January 27, 2019 |archive-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-the-problem-with-the-i-am-a-feminist-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]'',<ref name=Murphy25Oct2016>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=OPINION: Bill C-16 is flawed in ways most Canadians have not considered |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/10/25/opinion/opinion-bill-c-16-flawed-ways-most-canadians-have-not-considered |website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]] |date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234622/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/10/25/opinion/opinion-bill-c-16-flawed-ways-most-canadians-have-not-considered |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[xoJane]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.xojane.com/author/meghan-murphy |website=[[xoJane]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616135828/https://www.xojane.com/author/meghan-murphy |archivedate=June 16, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Walrus]]'',<ref name=Walrus8April2017>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Our Own Worst Enemies |url=https://thewalrus.ca/our-own-worst-enemies/ |work=[[The Walrus]] |date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083301/https://thewalrus.ca/our-own-worst-enemies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Quillette]]'',<ref name=quillette-author>{{cite web|title=Author: Meghan Murphy|url=https://quillette.com/author/meghan-murphy/|work=[[Quillette]]|date=February 6, 2019|access-date=November 2, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004429/https://quillette.com/author/meghan-murphy/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the German feminist magazine ''[[EMMA (magazine)|EMMA]]''.<ref name=emma-murphy>{{cite web |author=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/meghan-murphy-freiwillig-entfremdet-333907 |title=Meghan Murphy: Freiwillig entfremdet |work=EMMA |date=12 December 2016 |language=German |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141232/https://www.emma.de/artikel/meghan-murphy-freiwillig-entfremdet-333907 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Feminist Current'' ===

Murphy founded ''Feminist Current'' website and podcast in 2012.<ref name="Kleiman3Dec2012">{{cite web|url=https://cdnba.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/the-final-results-for-the-2012-canadian-blog-awards/|title=The Final Results for the 2012 Canadian Blog Awards|last1=Kleiman|first1=Jonathan|date=3 December 2012|website=Canadian Blog Awards|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125915/https://cdnba.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/the-final-results-for-the-2012-canadian-blog-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> Describing itself as "Canada's leading feminist website", its mission is to "provide a unique perspective on male violence against women, pop culture, politics, current events, sexuality, gender, and many other issues that are often underrepresented or misrepresented by mainstream, progressive, and feminist media sources".<ref name="fc-about">{{cite web|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/about/|title=Launched in July 2012, Feminist Current is Canada's leading feminist website.|website=Feminist Current|access-date=2018-06-08|archive-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606024533/https://www.feministcurrent.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Views on trigger warnings, sexism, contemporary feminism and sex work ===

Murphy has argued that [[trigger warning]]s amount to censorship,<ref name=slowslide>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Meghan Murphy: A slow slide into censorship|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-a-slow-slide-into-censorship|work=[[National Post]]|date=May 12, 2014|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-a-slow-slide-into-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> written about ageism within feminism,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=Kicking against our foremothers: does feminism have an ageism problem? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2014/02/kicking-against-our-foremothers-does-feminism-have-ageism-problem |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=26 February 2014 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125816/https://www.newstatesman.com/2014/02/kicking-against-our-foremothers-does-feminism-have-ageism-problem |url-status=live }}</ref> criticized [[liberal feminism]],<ref name=FreedomF>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kiraly|editor1-first=Miranda|editor2-last=Tyler|editor2-first=Meagan|title=Freedom Fallacy: The Limits of Liberal Feminism|date=2015|publisher=[[Connor Court Publishing]]|location=Brisbane, Queensland|pages=17–24|chapter='I do what I want, fuck yeah!': moving beyond 'woman's choice', by Meghan Murphy|isbn=978-1925138542}}</ref> supported the [[MeToo movement]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=Yes, you too |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/16/yes-you-too/ |website=Feminist Current |date=16 October 2017 |accessdate=4 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171107222722/http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/16/yes-you-too/ |archivedate=7 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and questioned whether men can be feminists.<ref name=NYT8June2014>{{cite web |last1=Flanagin |first1=Jake |title=Is It Possible to Be a Male Feminist? |url=https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/is-it-possible-to-be-a-male-feminist/ |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 8, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005053/https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/is-it-possible-to-be-a-male-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=The problem with male feminists |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/problem-male-feminists-180712071916509.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=14 July 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104082521/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/problem-male-feminists-180712071916509.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
She has also argued that anti-bullying campaigns ignore sexism and the way young men are taught to view women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berlatsky |first1=Noah |title=Bullying |date=2015 |publisher=[[Greenhaven Press]] |location=Farmington Hills, MI |page=107 |chapter=Antibullying Campaigns Ignore Sexism Against Girls and Women, by Meghan Murphy |isbn=978-0737772111}}</ref> She has lambasted feminist group [[Femen]], who, she argued in 2013, was "making feminism palatable for the [[male gaze]]", presenting "a vision of female liberation that looks like a sexy, naked, thin, white, blonde woman".<ref name=Alonso22July2013>{{cite web|author=Sporenda|url=http://www.isabelle-alonso.com/meghan-murphy-balance/|title=Interview n°7: Meghan Murphy|website=Isabelle Alonso|date=22 July 2013|language=French|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125819/http://www.isabelle-alonso.com/meghan-murphy-balance/|url-status=live}}</ref> (For an English translation of the Isabelle Alonso interview, see {{cite web|author=Sporenda |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2013/08/02/interview-meghan-murphy-on-the-sex-industry-individualism-online-feminism-and-the-third-wave/ |title=Interview: Meghan Murphy on the sex industry, individualism, online feminism, and the third wave |website=Feminist Current |date=August 2, 2013}})
In January 2017, Murphy argued, in the context of a ''[[Washington Post]]'' editorial praising men for taking part in the [[2017 Women's March]], against making concessions to men to make them feel comfortable within feminism. It is not women who need to adapt, she wrote:

<blockquote>Women are not targeted by men walking alone at night, in their homes, at work, in bars, or in any of the other myriad of places women are attacked, harassed, and raped, because they are passive, wear high heels, have long hair, wear dresses, or behave in other "feminine" ways, but because they are female. Female children are not prostituted or abused by adult men because they identify with "femininity", but because of the sex class they were born into. Girls are ''feminized'', not "feminine" by choice or because of some kind of internal, unchangeable personality flaw that turns them into victims.<ref name=Sainato22Jan2017>{{cite web |last1=Sainato |first1=Michael |last2=Skojec |first2=Chelsea |title=Washington Post Insults Women's March, Stealth Edits Article |url=https://observer.com/2017/01/washington-post-insults-womens-march-stealth-edits-article/ |website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]] |date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111618/https://observer.com/2017/01/washington-post-insults-womens-march-stealth-edits-article/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Murphy has criticized [[third-wave feminism]] as well, interpreting it as a backlash against [[Second-wave feminism|second-wave]] and [[radical feminism]]. For example, she has criticized [[Slutwalk]] and the attempt to reclaim a word that has been used to shame women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=We're Sluts, Not Feminists. Wherein my relationship with Slutwalk gets rocky. |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2011/05/07/were-sluts-not-feminists-wherein-my-relationship-with-slutwalk-gets-rocky/ |website=Feminist Current |date=May 7, 2011 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214728/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2011/05/07/were-sluts-not-feminists-wherein-my-relationship-with-slutwalk-gets-rocky/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Kaitlynn |title=SlutWalk: Feminism, Activism and Media |date=2015 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=95 |isbn=978-1137378903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFEMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |access-date=2018-06-14 |archive-date=2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFEMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been broadly critical of sex-positive feminism, observing in 2013: "That whole burlesque/sex work is empowering/feminist porn aspect of the third wave is making a mockery of the movement."<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> More generally, she has said certain contemporary movements are "cult-like" in their efforts to shut down debates by calling people "phobic" (such as "whorephobic") or accusing them of "shaming" (as in "kink-shaming") if they fail to "toe the party line".<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> In 2013, she called [[Twitter]] "a horrible place for feminism ... intellectual laziness is encouraged, oversimplification is mandatory, posturing is de rigueur, and bullying is rewarded".<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Maureen |title=Can Feminist Hashtags 'Dismantle the State'? |url=https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/can-feminist-hashtags-dismantle-the-state.html |website=[[New York (magazine)|The Cut]] |date=23 December 2013 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125911/https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/can-feminist-hashtags-dismantle-the-state.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Murphy is highly critical of the [[Sex industry|sex]] and [[porn industry]], which she regards as "inherently misogynistic and exploitative". When [[Hugh Hefner]] died in 2017, Murphy called him a "billionaire who profited from women's subordination".<ref name=NYT28Sept2017>{{cite web |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |title=Celebrities Remember Hugh Hefner for More Than Just the Articles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/hugh-hefner-playboy-celebrities.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235012/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/hugh-hefner-playboy-celebrities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with CBC Radio's ''[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]]'' in 2018, she argued that [[sex doll]]s may reduce men's empathy for women by presenting women as, literally, objects.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Connie |title=Sex doll brothel turns 'women into objects', says critic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-august-30-2018-1.4804483/sex-doll-brothel-turns-women-into-objects-says-critic-1.4804494 |website=[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]] |publisher=[[CBC Radio One]] |date=30 August 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212092844/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-august-30-2018-1.4804483/sex-doll-brothel-turns-women-into-objects-says-critic-1.4804494 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has written about her support for the [[Prostitution in Sweden|Nordic model]], in which buying, not selling, sex is illegal.<ref name=Quillette23April2018>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Canada's Twitter Mobs and Left-Wing Hypocrisy |url=https://quillette.com/2018/04/23/canadas-twitter-mobs-left-wing-hypocrisy/ |website=[[Quillette]] |date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111619/https://quillette.com/2018/04/23/canadas-twitter-mobs-left-wing-hypocrisy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MurphyGlobe3June2013>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=A prostitution solution: Outlaw the customers, not the hookers |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-prostitution-solution-outlaw-the-customers-not-the-hookers/article12306020/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514165953/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-prostitution-solution-outlaw-the-customers-not-the-hookers/article12306020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She told [[Mic (media company)|Mic]] in 2015 that this includes public education, a strong welfare state, retraining police officers, and offering exit services for women.<ref name=Aleem13March2015>{{cite web |last1=Aleem |first1=Zeeshan |url=https://mic.com/articles/112814/here-s-what-s-happened-in-sweden-16-years-since-decriminalizing-prostitution |title=16 Years Since Decriminalizing Prostitution, Here's What's Happening in Sweden |website=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]] |date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004223449/https://mic.com/articles/112814/here-s-what-s-happened-in-sweden-16-years-since-decriminalizing-prostitution |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also been criticized by other feminists for her opposition to decriminalizing sex work.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balkidsoon |first=Denise |title=The targeting of other women shows Meghan Murphy is no feminist |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-the-targeting-of-other-women-shows-meghan-murphy-is-no-feminist/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029040558/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-the-targeting-of-other-women-shows-meghan-murphy-is-no-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political views ==

Murphy identifies as a [[Socialist feminism|socialist feminist]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murphy |first1 = Meghan |title=You can't cancel the truth |url=https://spectator.us/cant-cancel-truth-canceled-meghan-murphy/ |work=[[The Spectator]] |date=February 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831155607/https://spectator.us/cant-cancel-truth-canceled-meghan-murphy/ |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Opposition to transgender activism ===

==== rabble.ca ====

Murphy contributed as an editor and writer for Canadian online magazine ''[[rabble.ca]]'' beginning in 2011. In 2015, Murphy challenged a photograph of [[Laverne Cox]]'s nude body in a magazine as being "defined by a patriarchal/porn culture, through plastic surgery" and "a sexualized object for public consumption".<ref name=LCox>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Laverne Cox's objectified body 'empowers' no one|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/04/22/laverne-coxs-objectified-body-empowers-no-one/|website=Feminist Current|date=April 22, 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120142/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/04/22/laverne-coxs-objectified-body-empowers-no-one/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, a ''[[Change.org]]'' petition was created in May 2015 by sex workers' lobby group Maggie's Toronto, accusing her of racism and using transphobic language, and demanding that ''rabble'' end Murphy's association with the site.<ref name=Bindel_Oct2015>{{cite web |last1=Bindel |first1=Julie |title=No platform: my exclusion proves this is an anti-feminist crusade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/09/no-platform-universities-julie-bindel-exclusion-anti-feminist-crusade |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111124/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/09/no-platform-universities-julie-bindel-exclusion-anti-feminist-crusade |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Greer3Nov2016/> The petition was countered by a collective open letter in solidarity with Murphy signed by 22 international feminist organizations and over 215 individuals.<ref name=Sisyphe>{{cite web|title=Open letter to rabble.ca - Support Meghan Murphy suffered a misogynist campaign by the sex industry lobby|url=http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article5098|website=Sisyphe.org|date=11 May 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728050047/http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article5098|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Change.org'' petition was rejected by ''rabble''.<ref name=rabblepetition>{{cite web|title=Statement on review of Meghan Murphy petitions|url=http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/rabble-staff/2015/05/statement-on-review-meghan-murphy-petitions|website=[[rabble.ca]]|date=May 14, 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719151632/http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/rabble-staff/2015/05/statement-on-review-meghan-murphy-petitions|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, in October 2016 Murphy quit ''rabble.ca'' after an article critical of the language [[Planned Parenthood]] had used to address women, referring to them as "menstruators",<ref name=menstruators>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Are we women or are we menstruators? |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/09/07/are-we-women-or-are-we-menstruators/ |website=Feminist Current |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125907/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/09/07/are-we-women-or-are-we-menstruators/ |url-status=live }} (first published in ''[[rabble.ca]]'')</ref> had been published and then removed without informing her.<ref name=MMFacebook>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Hi friends. Just an overdue update|url=https://www.facebook.com/meghanemilymurphy/posts/10153849501632343|website=[[Facebook]]|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728052830/https://www.facebook.com/meghanemilymurphy/posts/10153849501632343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Greer3Nov2016">{{cite web |last1=Greer |first1=Darryl |url=http://www.canadalandshow.com/writer-quits-rabble/ |title=Writer Quits Rabble Over Pulled Blog |website=[[Canadaland]] |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142636/http://www.canadalandshow.com/writer-quits-rabble/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Editor Michael Stewart felt that it had used transphobic language and gone against ''rabble''{{'}}s journalistic policy. In an email to Murphy, ''rabble''{{'}}s publisher, Kim Elliott, stated that "the piece denie[d] the gendered identity of trans men who menstruate by implying that if a person has ovaries and a uterus, they are by virtue of those biological markers, a woman".<ref name=Greer3Nov2016 />

==== Opposition to gender identity legislation ====

Murphy is critical of gender identity legislation.<ref name=Spa_CBC /><ref name=WFHB>{{cite web|title=Interchange – Sex Politics: Meghan Murphy and the Feminist Current|url=https://wfhb.org/news/interchange-sex-politics-meghan-murphy-and-the-feminist-current/|website=[[WFHB]]|date=March 20, 2018|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135842/https://wfhb.org/news/interchange-sex-politics-meghan-murphy-and-the-feminist-current/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WomanPlace>{{cite web|title=Authenticity & empathy: Meghan Murphy|url=https://womansplaceuk.org/2019/05/28/meghan-murphy-authenticity-empathy/|website=Woman's Place UK (WPUK)|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135837/https://womansplaceuk.org/2019/05/28/meghan-murphy-authenticity-empathy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Spectator22July>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=The Yaniv scandal is the end-product of trans activism|url=https://spectator.us/yaniv-scandal-end-product-trans-activism/|work=[[The Spectator]]|date=July 22, 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724202703/https://spectator.us/yaniv-scandal-end-product-trans-activism/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CTV>{{cite web|author=CTV Vancouver|title=Trans advocates rally against controversial feminist speaker Meghan Murphy|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trans-advocates-rally-against-controversial-feminist-speaker-meghan-murphy-1.4249890|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 11, 2019|accessdate=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724103807/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trans-advocates-rally-against-controversial-feminist-speaker-meghan-murphy-1.4249890|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2017, Murphy appeared before the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]], together with Hilla Kerner of the [[Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter]], to oppose [[Bill C-16]], which encoded [[gender identity]] and [[gender expression]] into Canadian law. She told the Senate: "Treating gender as though it is either internal or a personal choice is dangerous and completely misunderstands how and why women are oppressed under patriarchy as a class of people ... The rights of women and girls are being pushed aside to accommodate a trend."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgOLs_cEKi0|title="Meghan Murphy Presents a Feminist Case Against Bill C-16" |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=Senate10May2017>{{cite web |title=The Standing Senate Committee On Legal and Constitutional Affairs – Evidence |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/Committee/421/LCJC/53308-e |website=[[Senate of Canada]] |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104085527/https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/Committee/421/LCJC/53308-e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Legal and Constitutional Affairs – Meeting Detail |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Committees/LCJC/NoticeOfMeeting/452675/42-1 |website=[[Senate of Canada]] |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140638/https://sencanada.ca/en/Committees/LCJC/NoticeOfMeeting/452675/42-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tasker">{{cite web |last1=Tasker |first1=John Paul |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-female-born-spaces-1.4110634 |title=Transgender rights bill threatens 'female-born' women's spaces, activists say |website=[[CBC News]] |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=May 12, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529005257/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-female-born-spaces-1.4110634 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Robertson">{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Dylan C |title=Senate committee rejects motion to narrow trans bill's scope |url=https://www.dailyxtra.com/senate-committee-rejects-motion-to-narrow-trans-bills-scope-73581 |website=[[Daily Xtra]] |date=May 30, 2017 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054741/https://www.dailyxtra.com/senate-committee-rejects-motion-to-narrow-trans-bills-scope-73581 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, she was invited to speak before the [[Scottish Parliament]] regarding gender identity laws and their impact on women's rights.<ref name=BBC22May>{{Cite web|title=Twitter-ban feminist defends transgender views ahead of Holyrood meeting|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48366184|website=[[BBC News]]|date=22 May 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004440/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48366184|url-status=live}}</ref> At their public meeting in London,<ref name=Sitwell>{{cite web|last1=Sitwell|first1=Ros|title=Hundreds of women gather in London to discuss sex and gender|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/hundreds-women-gather-london-discuss-sex-and-gender|work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]|date=May 24, 2019|accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818123400/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/hundreds-women-gather-london-discuss-sex-and-gender|url-status=live}}</ref> she told ''Woman's Place UK'', "I see no empathy for women and girls on the part of trans activists, that is to say, those pushing gender identity ideology and legislation. What I see is bullying, threats, ostracization, and a misogynist backlash against the feminist movement and much of the work it's accomplished over years."<ref name=WomanPlace /> In an interview with ''[[The Scotsman]]'' regarding her views about [[transgender rights movement|transgender rights]] legislation, Murphy stated:

<blockquote>I'm not interested in stopping anyone having surgery or hormones if they feel that's making their lives better, and certainly people should be able to wear what they want and express themselves in ways that make them feel fulfilled and living authentic lives. But once it became about laws and legislation and gender replacing sex it became clear to me that this would have a real impact on women's rights and spaces.<ref name=Davidson_May2019 />
</blockquote>

Murphy has faced criticism due to her opposition to the establishment of [[Feminist views on transgender topics|transgender rights]] legislation, which has led to her being called "anti-transgender" by her opponents.<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /><ref name=BBC30October>{{cite web|title=Meghan Murphy: Canadian feminist's trans talk sparks uproar|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-50214341|website=[[BBC News]]|date=30 October 2019|accessdate=14 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030140627/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-50214341|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tasker"/><ref name="Robertson"/>

==== Twitter ban and lawsuit ====

In late 2018, Twitter changed its policy on hateful conduct and harassment to officially prohibit intentionally calling a trans person by the wrong pronouns or using their pre-transition names.<ref name="wells_2019">{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Georgia |title=Writer Sues Twitter Over Ban for Criticizing Transgender People |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/writer-sues-twitter-over-ban-for-mocking-transgender-people-11549946725 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=February 11, 2019 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728153708/https://www.wsj.com/articles/writer-sues-twitter-over-ban-for-mocking-transgender-people-11549946725 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in August 2018, Murphy stated that her Twitter account was locked more than once after she tweeted about issues involving [[Trans woman|trans women]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prengel |first1=Kate |title=Meghan Murphy: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/11/meghan-murphy/ |website=Heavy |date=November 24, 2018 |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504001809/https://heavy.com/news/2018/11/meghan-murphy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter permanently suspended Murphy's account in late November 2018, after she referred to [[Jessica Yaniv]], a trans woman, as "him".<ref name=RobertsonAE>{{cite web|last1=Robertson|first1=Julia Diana|title=Twitter Bans Meghan Murphy, Founder of Canada's Leading Feminist Website|url=https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/567199-twitter-bans-meghan-murphy-founder-of-canadas-leading-feminist-website|website=[[AfterEllen]]|date=November 27, 2018|accessdate=13 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412145534/https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/567199-twitter-bans-meghan-murphy-founder-of-canadas-leading-feminist-website|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Brean_him>{{cite web|last1=Brean|first1=Joseph|title='Yeeeah it's him': Vancouver writer sues Twitter over its rule against misgendering trans people|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/yeeeah-its-him-vancouver-writer-sues-twitter-over-its-rule-against-misgendering|work=[[National Post]]|date=February 12, 2019|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/news/yeeeah-its-him-vancouver-writer-sues-twitter-over-its-rule-against-misgendering|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Brean_MM>{{cite web|last1=Brean|first1=Joseph|title=Meghan Murphy, the woman behind trans wars breaking out at the public library|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library|work=[[National Post]]|date=October 29, 2019|access-date=8 September 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909000418/https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library|archive-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> On February 11, 2019, Murphy filed a lawsuit against Twitter in response to her banning.<ref name=Mattbanned>{{cite web |last1=Matt |first1=Naham |title=Feminist Writer Sues Twitter After She Tweets 'Men Aren't Women' and Gets Banned |url=https://lawandcrime.com/lawsuit/feminist-writer-sues-twitter-after-she-tweets-men-arent-woman-and-gets-banned/ |website=[[Dan_Abrams#Law_&_Crime|Law & Crime]] |date=February 12, 2019 |accessdate=20 February 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407204840/https://lawandcrime.com/lawsuit/feminist-writer-sues-twitter-after-she-tweets-men-arent-woman-and-gets-banned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The suit was dismissed in early June, but Murphy stated that she intended to file an appeal.<ref name=Fry_appeal>{{cite web |last1=Fry |first1=Madeline |title=This journalist lost her lawsuit against Twitter for banning her account, but she's not giving up |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/this-journalist-lost-her-lawsuit-against-twitter-for-banning-her-account-but-shes-not-giving-up |work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=July 10, 2019 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728151518/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/this-journalist-lost-her-lawsuit-against-twitter-for-banning-her-account-but-shes-not-giving-up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=DavisDND>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Wendy|title=Twitter Defeats Lawsuit By Journalist Banned For 'Misgendering'|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/336990/twitter-defeats-lawsuit-by-journalist-banned-for.html|work=Digital News Daily|publisher=MediaPost|date=June 13, 2019|accessdate=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729114813/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/336990/twitter-defeats-lawsuit-by-journalist-banned-for.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public appearances and protests ==

Murphy's public appearances have been subject to protests in Canada, notably in Vancouver<ref name=Compton>{{cite web|last1=Compton|first1=Julie|title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456|website=[[NBC News]]|date=January 14, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112530/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456|url-status=live}}</ref> and Toronto.<ref name=Hoard>{{cite web|last1=Hoard|first1=KC|title=Hundreds protest controversial Toronto Public Library event featuring Meghan Murphy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-hundreds-protest-controversial-toronto-public-library-event-featuring/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=October 29, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031140233/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-hundreds-protest-controversial-toronto-public-library-event-featuring/|url-status=live}}</ref> In both cities, LGBTQ organizations have also criticized public libraries for allowing Murphy to book space for public appearances.<ref name=Wadhwani>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwani|first1=Ashley|title=Vancouver Public Library banned from Pride parade after allowing controversial speaker|url=https://www.surreynowleader.com/news/vancouver-public-library-banned-from-pride-parade-after-allowing-controversial-speaker/|work=[[Surrey Now-Leader]]|date=July 23, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005810/https://www.surreynowleader.com/news/vancouver-public-library-banned-from-pride-parade-after-allowing-controversial-speaker/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ritchie>{{cite web|last1=Ritchie|first1=Kevin|title=Toronto Public Library facing Pride ban over Meghan Murphy event|url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/books/pride-toronto-ban-toronto-public-library-meghan-murphy/|work=[[Now (newspaper)|NOW]]|date=October 18, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005808/https://nowtoronto.com/culture/books/pride-toronto-ban-toronto-public-library-meghan-murphy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayor of Toronto [[John Tory]] announced that he was "disappointed" in the library's decision to host Murphy's event, and said that the "highest of standards" should be set to ensure that "offensive commentary" is not hosted in city facilities.<ref name=Rider>{{cite web|last1=Rider|first1=David|title=John Tory 'disappointed' Toronto library allowing event with writer accused of being anti-transgender|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2019/10/17/john-tory-disappointed-toronto-library-allowing-event-with-writer-accused-of-being-anti-transgender.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=October 17, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005806/https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2019/10/17/john-tory-disappointed-toronto-library-allowing-event-with-writer-accused-of-being-anti-transgender.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Official Opposition Culture Critic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edu.yorku.ca/2019/02/education-grad-becomes-mpp/|title=From "why?" to "why not?": Faculty of Education grad becomes MPP and activist for social change|first=Alex|last=Kvaskov|date=February 7, 2019|website=Faculty of Education|access-date=November 8, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108151342/http://edu.yorku.ca/2019/02/education-grad-becomes-mpp/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jill Andrew]], a [[queer]]-identifying member of the [[Ontario New Democratic Party|ONDP]] Black Caucus, also objected to the event, saying "As a proud member of Toronto's queer community, I stand in solidarity with LGBTQ folks, as well as with local writers and members of the literary community who are standing up to oppose the [Toronto Public Library's] decision" to host "a person who publicly espouses hate speech".<ref name=Knope>{{cite web|last1=Knope|first1=Julia|title=Tory 'disappointed' in Toronto Public Library for hosting speaker accused of transphobia|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-public-library-tory-speaker-transphobia-1.5324218|website=[[CBC News]]|date=October 17, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103023732/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-public-library-tory-speaker-transphobia-1.5324218|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tory asked City Librarian Vickery Bowles to reconsider the decision to permit Murphy's appearance.<ref name=Knope /> In response to the statements by the mayor, Murphy said, "It is unconscionable that the mayor of Toronto would attempt to pressure the [Toronto Public Library] to cancel this event...What I am saying is not controversial, and certainly is not hateful ... We deserve space for this conversation and our concerns deserve respect."<ref name=Knope /> Bowles defended the approval to host the event, noting that "Murphy has never been charged with or convicted of hate speech".<ref name=Hoard />

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.feminisms.org/author/meghan/index.html "Meghan Murphy"] at ''The F Word''
*[https://thetyee.ca/Bios/Meghan_Murphy/ "Meghan Murphy"] at ''[[The Tyee]]''

Meghan Murphy

2020-11-18T03:40:19Z

Technician: Copy over from Wikipedia.

''TODO: Clean up broken links.''

<hr/>

'''Meghan Emily Murphy''' is a Canadian writer, journalist, and founder of ''Feminist Current'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://ravishly.com/contributors/4938 |website=Ravishly |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111629/https://ravishly.com/contributors/4938 |url-status=live }}</ref> a feminist [[website]] and [[podcast]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manchester |first1=Julia |title=Self-described feminist banned from Twitter says platform is setting 'dangerous' precedent |url=https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/420033-self-described-feminist-banned-from-twitter-says-platform-is-setting-a |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421012040/https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/420033-self-described-feminist-banned-from-twitter-says-platform-is-setting-a |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Davidson_May2019>{{cite web|last1=Davidson|first1=Gina|title=Canadian feminist Meghan Murphy 'won't be silenced' in Scotland|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/canadian-feminist-meghan-murphy-won-t-be-silenced-in-scotland-1-4930060|work=[[The Scotsman]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720093525/https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/canadian-feminist-meghan-murphy-won-t-be-silenced-in-scotland-1-4930060|url-status=live}}</ref> Her writing, speeches, and talks have criticized [[third-wave feminism]], male feminists, the [[sex industry]], [[exploitation of women in mass media]], [[censorship]], and [[gender identity]] legislation.

Based in [[Vancouver]], Murphy has written for [[CBC News]], ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', the ''[[National Post]]'', [[rabble.ca]], the ''[[New Statesman]]'', and ''[[Quillette]]'', among other media outlets.

== Early life and education ==
From 2004, she attended [[Simon Fraser University]] (SFU) and in 2010 obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Women's Studies]]. In 2012, she completed a master's degree in Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies, also at SFU.<ref>{{cite web |author=Graduate Alumni |title=MA – Course Based |url=https://www.sfu.ca/gsws/people/Alumni/Graduate_Alumni.html |website=Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women's Studies |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111620/https://www.sfu.ca/gsws/people/Alumni/Graduate_Alumni.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism ===

Murphy began her journalism career in 2009, working for the Vancouver-based F Word Feminist Media Collective; writing until 2012 for its blog, ''The F Word'', and as a host, producer, and editor of its radio program.<ref>{{cite web |title=The F-Word Media Collective |url=https://www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/1274 |website=Grassroots Feminism |date=2012 |access-date=2019-05-04 |archive-date=2019-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504042742/https://www.grassrootsfeminism.net/cms/node/1274 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The F Word |title=Occupy Valentine's Day! |url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2012/02/occupy-valentines-day |publisher=[[rabble.ca]] |date=February 14, 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504052143/http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2012/02/occupy-valentines-day |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The F Word |title=Women and skepticism |url=http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2009/12/women-and-skepticism |publisher=[[rabble.ca]] |date=December 17, 2009 |accessdate=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504052138/http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/f-word/2009/12/women-and-skepticism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> In 2011, she began writing regularly for [[rabble.ca]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=http://rabble.ca/category/bios/meghan-murphy |website=[[rabble.ca]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055534/http://rabble.ca/category/bios/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> and worked as rabble's podcast network producer from November 2012, and evening editor from 2013, until February 2016. In 2012 she undertook a [[practicum]] at ''[[The Tyee]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Does Simon Fraser University Need a Men's Centre? |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/ |website=[[The Tyee]] |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083233/https://thetyee.ca/News/2012/05/03/SFU-Mens-Centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her work has appeared in numerous publications, including ''[[The Vancouver Observer]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.vancouverobserver.com/contributors/meghan-murphy |website=[[The Vancouver Observer]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615084804/https://www.vancouverobserver.com/contributors/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CBC News]],<ref name=Spa_CBC>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Why a women-only spa in Toronto should not change its policy to accept trans women |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/women-only-spa-counterpoint-1.4170158 |website=[[CBC News]] |date=June 21, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111618/https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/women-only-spa-counterpoint-1.4170158 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/meghan-murphy--.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=2013 |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111014/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/profile/meghan-murphy--.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[New Statesman]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/319993 |work=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083510/https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/319993 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/contributor/meghan-murphy |website=[[Vice Media|Vice]] |access-date=2018-06-15 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191442/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/contributor/meghan-murphy |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=There's nothing 'safe' about silencing dissent |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/theres-nothing-safe-about-silencing-dissent/article23667724/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 28, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224145026/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/theres-nothing-safe-about-silencing-dissent/article23667724/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[National Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Meghan Murphy: The problem with the 'I am a feminist' campaign |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-the-problem-with-the-i-am-a-feminist-campaign |work=[[National Post]] |date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=January 27, 2019 |archive-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-the-problem-with-the-i-am-a-feminist-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]'',<ref name=Murphy25Oct2016>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=OPINION: Bill C-16 is flawed in ways most Canadians have not considered |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/10/25/opinion/opinion-bill-c-16-flawed-ways-most-canadians-have-not-considered |website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]] |date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234622/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/10/25/opinion/opinion-bill-c-16-flawed-ways-most-canadians-have-not-considered |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[xoJane]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.xojane.com/author/meghan-murphy |website=[[xoJane]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616135828/https://www.xojane.com/author/meghan-murphy |archivedate=June 16, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Walrus]]'',<ref name=Walrus8April2017>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Our Own Worst Enemies |url=https://thewalrus.ca/our-own-worst-enemies/ |work=[[The Walrus]] |date=April 8, 2017 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083301/https://thewalrus.ca/our-own-worst-enemies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Quillette]]'',<ref name=quillette-author>{{cite web|title=Author: Meghan Murphy|url=https://quillette.com/author/meghan-murphy/|work=[[Quillette]]|date=February 6, 2019|access-date=November 2, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004429/https://quillette.com/author/meghan-murphy/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the German feminist magazine ''[[EMMA (magazine)|EMMA]]''.<ref name=emma-murphy>{{cite web |author=Meghan Murphy |url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/meghan-murphy-freiwillig-entfremdet-333907 |title=Meghan Murphy: Freiwillig entfremdet |work=EMMA |date=12 December 2016 |language=German |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141232/https://www.emma.de/artikel/meghan-murphy-freiwillig-entfremdet-333907 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Feminist Current'' ===

Murphy founded ''Feminist Current'' website and podcast in 2012.<ref name="Kleiman3Dec2012">{{cite web|url=https://cdnba.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/the-final-results-for-the-2012-canadian-blog-awards/|title=The Final Results for the 2012 Canadian Blog Awards|last1=Kleiman|first1=Jonathan|date=3 December 2012|website=Canadian Blog Awards|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125915/https://cdnba.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/the-final-results-for-the-2012-canadian-blog-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> Describing itself as "Canada's leading feminist website", its mission is to "provide a unique perspective on male violence against women, pop culture, politics, current events, sexuality, gender, and many other issues that are often underrepresented or misrepresented by mainstream, progressive, and feminist media sources".<ref name="fc-about">{{cite web|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/about/|title=Launched in July 2012, Feminist Current is Canada's leading feminist website.|website=Feminist Current|access-date=2018-06-08|archive-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606024533/https://www.feministcurrent.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Views on trigger warnings, sexism, contemporary feminism and sex work ===

Murphy has argued that [[trigger warning]]s amount to censorship,<ref name=slowslide>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Meghan Murphy: A slow slide into censorship|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-a-slow-slide-into-censorship|work=[[National Post]]|date=May 12, 2014|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/meghan-murphy-a-slow-slide-into-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> written about ageism within feminism,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=Kicking against our foremothers: does feminism have an ageism problem? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2014/02/kicking-against-our-foremothers-does-feminism-have-ageism-problem |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=26 February 2014 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125816/https://www.newstatesman.com/2014/02/kicking-against-our-foremothers-does-feminism-have-ageism-problem |url-status=live }}</ref> criticized [[liberal feminism]],<ref name=FreedomF>{{cite book|editor1-last=Kiraly|editor1-first=Miranda|editor2-last=Tyler|editor2-first=Meagan|title=Freedom Fallacy: The Limits of Liberal Feminism|date=2015|publisher=[[Connor Court Publishing]]|location=Brisbane, Queensland|pages=17–24|chapter='I do what I want, fuck yeah!': moving beyond 'woman's choice', by Meghan Murphy|isbn=978-1925138542}}</ref> supported the [[MeToo movement]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=Yes, you too |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/16/yes-you-too/ |website=Feminist Current |date=16 October 2017 |accessdate=4 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171107222722/http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/10/16/yes-you-too/ |archivedate=7 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and questioned whether men can be feminists.<ref name=NYT8June2014>{{cite web |last1=Flanagin |first1=Jake |title=Is It Possible to Be a Male Feminist? |url=https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/is-it-possible-to-be-a-male-feminist/ |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 8, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005053/https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/08/is-it-possible-to-be-a-male-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Megan |title=The problem with male feminists |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/problem-male-feminists-180712071916509.html |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=14 July 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104082521/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/problem-male-feminists-180712071916509.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
She has also argued that anti-bullying campaigns ignore sexism and the way young men are taught to view women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berlatsky |first1=Noah |title=Bullying |date=2015 |publisher=[[Greenhaven Press]] |location=Farmington Hills, MI |page=107 |chapter=Antibullying Campaigns Ignore Sexism Against Girls and Women, by Meghan Murphy |isbn=978-0737772111}}</ref> She has lambasted feminist group [[Femen]], who, she argued in 2013, was "making feminism palatable for the [[male gaze]]", presenting "a vision of female liberation that looks like a sexy, naked, thin, white, blonde woman".<ref name=Alonso22July2013>{{cite web|author=Sporenda|url=http://www.isabelle-alonso.com/meghan-murphy-balance/|title=Interview n°7: Meghan Murphy|website=Isabelle Alonso|date=22 July 2013|language=French|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125819/http://www.isabelle-alonso.com/meghan-murphy-balance/|url-status=live}}</ref> (For an English translation of the Isabelle Alonso interview, see {{cite web|author=Sporenda |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2013/08/02/interview-meghan-murphy-on-the-sex-industry-individualism-online-feminism-and-the-third-wave/ |title=Interview: Meghan Murphy on the sex industry, individualism, online feminism, and the third wave |website=Feminist Current |date=August 2, 2013}})
In January 2017, Murphy argued, in the context of a ''[[Washington Post]]'' editorial praising men for taking part in the [[2017 Women's March]], against making concessions to men to make them feel comfortable within feminism. It is not women who need to adapt, she wrote:

<blockquote>Women are not targeted by men walking alone at night, in their homes, at work, in bars, or in any of the other myriad of places women are attacked, harassed, and raped, because they are passive, wear high heels, have long hair, wear dresses, or behave in other "feminine" ways, but because they are female. Female children are not prostituted or abused by adult men because they identify with "femininity", but because of the sex class they were born into. Girls are ''feminized'', not "feminine" by choice or because of some kind of internal, unchangeable personality flaw that turns them into victims.<ref name=Sainato22Jan2017>{{cite web |last1=Sainato |first1=Michael |last2=Skojec |first2=Chelsea |title=Washington Post Insults Women's March, Stealth Edits Article |url=https://observer.com/2017/01/washington-post-insults-womens-march-stealth-edits-article/ |website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]] |date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111618/https://observer.com/2017/01/washington-post-insults-womens-march-stealth-edits-article/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Murphy has criticized [[third-wave feminism]] as well, interpreting it as a backlash against [[Second-wave feminism|second-wave]] and [[radical feminism]]. For example, she has criticized [[Slutwalk]] and the attempt to reclaim a word that has been used to shame women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=We're Sluts, Not Feminists. Wherein my relationship with Slutwalk gets rocky. |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2011/05/07/were-sluts-not-feminists-wherein-my-relationship-with-slutwalk-gets-rocky/ |website=Feminist Current |date=May 7, 2011 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214728/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2011/05/07/were-sluts-not-feminists-wherein-my-relationship-with-slutwalk-gets-rocky/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Kaitlynn |title=SlutWalk: Feminism, Activism and Media |date=2015 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=95 |isbn=978-1137378903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFEMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |access-date=2018-06-14 |archive-date=2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JFEMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been broadly critical of sex-positive feminism, observing in 2013: "That whole burlesque/sex work is empowering/feminist porn aspect of the third wave is making a mockery of the movement."<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> More generally, she has said certain contemporary movements are "cult-like" in their efforts to shut down debates by calling people "phobic" (such as "whorephobic") or accusing them of "shaming" (as in "kink-shaming") if they fail to "toe the party line".<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /> In 2013, she called [[Twitter]] "a horrible place for feminism ... intellectual laziness is encouraged, oversimplification is mandatory, posturing is de rigueur, and bullying is rewarded".<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Maureen |title=Can Feminist Hashtags 'Dismantle the State'? |url=https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/can-feminist-hashtags-dismantle-the-state.html |website=[[New York (magazine)|The Cut]] |date=23 December 2013 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125911/https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/can-feminist-hashtags-dismantle-the-state.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Murphy is highly critical of the [[Sex industry|sex]] and [[porn industry]], which she regards as "inherently misogynistic and exploitative". When [[Hugh Hefner]] died in 2017, Murphy called him a "billionaire who profited from women's subordination".<ref name=NYT28Sept2017>{{cite web |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |title=Celebrities Remember Hugh Hefner for More Than Just the Articles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/hugh-hefner-playboy-celebrities.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 28, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613235012/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/us/hugh-hefner-playboy-celebrities.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with CBC Radio's ''[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]]'' in 2018, she argued that [[sex doll]]s may reduce men's empathy for women by presenting women as, literally, objects.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Connie |title=Sex doll brothel turns 'women into objects', says critic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-august-30-2018-1.4804483/sex-doll-brothel-turns-women-into-objects-says-critic-1.4804494 |website=[[The Current (radio program)|The Current]] |publisher=[[CBC Radio One]] |date=30 August 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212092844/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-august-30-2018-1.4804483/sex-doll-brothel-turns-women-into-objects-says-critic-1.4804494 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has written about her support for the [[Prostitution in Sweden|Nordic model]], in which buying, not selling, sex is illegal.<ref name=Quillette23April2018>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Canada's Twitter Mobs and Left-Wing Hypocrisy |url=https://quillette.com/2018/04/23/canadas-twitter-mobs-left-wing-hypocrisy/ |website=[[Quillette]] |date=April 23, 2018 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111619/https://quillette.com/2018/04/23/canadas-twitter-mobs-left-wing-hypocrisy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MurphyGlobe3June2013>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=A prostitution solution: Outlaw the customers, not the hookers |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-prostitution-solution-outlaw-the-customers-not-the-hookers/article12306020/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514165953/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-prostitution-solution-outlaw-the-customers-not-the-hookers/article12306020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She told [[Mic (media company)|Mic]] in 2015 that this includes public education, a strong welfare state, retraining police officers, and offering exit services for women.<ref name=Aleem13March2015>{{cite web |last1=Aleem |first1=Zeeshan |url=https://mic.com/articles/112814/here-s-what-s-happened-in-sweden-16-years-since-decriminalizing-prostitution |title=16 Years Since Decriminalizing Prostitution, Here's What's Happening in Sweden |website=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]] |date=March 13, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004223449/https://mic.com/articles/112814/here-s-what-s-happened-in-sweden-16-years-since-decriminalizing-prostitution |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also been criticized by other feminists for her opposition to decriminalizing sex work.<ref>{{cite web |last=Balkidsoon |first=Denise |title=The targeting of other women shows Meghan Murphy is no feminist |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-the-targeting-of-other-women-shows-meghan-murphy-is-no-feminist/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date=2020-01-23 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029040558/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/opinion/article-the-targeting-of-other-women-shows-meghan-murphy-is-no-feminist/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political views ==

Murphy identifies as a [[Socialist feminism|socialist feminist]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murphy |first1 = Meghan |title=You can't cancel the truth |url=https://spectator.us/cant-cancel-truth-canceled-meghan-murphy/ |work=[[The Spectator]] |date=February 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831155607/https://spectator.us/cant-cancel-truth-canceled-meghan-murphy/ |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Opposition to transgender activism ===

==== rabble.ca ====

Murphy contributed as an editor and writer for Canadian online magazine ''[[rabble.ca]]'' beginning in 2011. In 2015, Murphy challenged a photograph of [[Laverne Cox]]'s nude body in a magazine as being "defined by a patriarchal/porn culture, through plastic surgery" and "a sexualized object for public consumption".<ref name=LCox>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Laverne Cox's objectified body 'empowers' no one|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/04/22/laverne-coxs-objectified-body-empowers-no-one/|website=Feminist Current|date=April 22, 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728120142/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2015/04/22/laverne-coxs-objectified-body-empowers-no-one/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, a ''[[Change.org]]'' petition was created in May 2015 by sex workers' lobby group Maggie's Toronto, accusing her of racism and using transphobic language, and demanding that ''rabble'' end Murphy's association with the site.<ref name=Bindel_Oct2015>{{cite web |last1=Bindel |first1=Julie |title=No platform: my exclusion proves this is an anti-feminist crusade |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/09/no-platform-universities-julie-bindel-exclusion-anti-feminist-crusade |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111124/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/09/no-platform-universities-julie-bindel-exclusion-anti-feminist-crusade |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Greer3Nov2016/> The petition was countered by a collective open letter in solidarity with Murphy signed by 22 international feminist organizations and over 215 individuals.<ref name=Sisyphe>{{cite web|title=Open letter to rabble.ca - Support Meghan Murphy suffered a misogynist campaign by the sex industry lobby|url=http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article5098|website=Sisyphe.org|date=11 May 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728050047/http://sisyphe.org/spip.php?article5098|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Change.org'' petition was rejected by ''rabble''.<ref name=rabblepetition>{{cite web|title=Statement on review of Meghan Murphy petitions|url=http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/rabble-staff/2015/05/statement-on-review-meghan-murphy-petitions|website=[[rabble.ca]]|date=May 14, 2015|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719151632/http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/rabble-staff/2015/05/statement-on-review-meghan-murphy-petitions|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, in October 2016 Murphy quit ''rabble.ca'' after an article critical of the language [[Planned Parenthood]] had used to address women, referring to them as "menstruators",<ref name=menstruators>{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan |title=Are we women or are we menstruators? |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/09/07/are-we-women-or-are-we-menstruators/ |website=Feminist Current |date=September 7, 2016 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125907/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2016/09/07/are-we-women-or-are-we-menstruators/ |url-status=live }} (first published in ''[[rabble.ca]]'')</ref> had been published and then removed without informing her.<ref name=MMFacebook>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=Hi friends. Just an overdue update|url=https://www.facebook.com/meghanemilymurphy/posts/10153849501632343|website=[[Facebook]]|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728052830/https://www.facebook.com/meghanemilymurphy/posts/10153849501632343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Greer3Nov2016">{{cite web |last1=Greer |first1=Darryl |url=http://www.canadalandshow.com/writer-quits-rabble/ |title=Writer Quits Rabble Over Pulled Blog |website=[[Canadaland]] |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142636/http://www.canadalandshow.com/writer-quits-rabble/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Editor Michael Stewart felt that it had used transphobic language and gone against ''rabble''{{'}}s journalistic policy. In an email to Murphy, ''rabble''{{'}}s publisher, Kim Elliott, stated that "the piece denie[d] the gendered identity of trans men who menstruate by implying that if a person has ovaries and a uterus, they are by virtue of those biological markers, a woman".<ref name=Greer3Nov2016 />

==== Opposition to gender identity legislation ====

Murphy is critical of gender identity legislation.<ref name=Spa_CBC /><ref name=WFHB>{{cite web|title=Interchange – Sex Politics: Meghan Murphy and the Feminist Current|url=https://wfhb.org/news/interchange-sex-politics-meghan-murphy-and-the-feminist-current/|website=[[WFHB]]|date=March 20, 2018|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135842/https://wfhb.org/news/interchange-sex-politics-meghan-murphy-and-the-feminist-current/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WomanPlace>{{cite web|title=Authenticity & empathy: Meghan Murphy|url=https://womansplaceuk.org/2019/05/28/meghan-murphy-authenticity-empathy/|website=Woman's Place UK (WPUK)|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135837/https://womansplaceuk.org/2019/05/28/meghan-murphy-authenticity-empathy/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Spectator22July>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|title=The Yaniv scandal is the end-product of trans activism|url=https://spectator.us/yaniv-scandal-end-product-trans-activism/|work=[[The Spectator]]|date=July 22, 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724202703/https://spectator.us/yaniv-scandal-end-product-trans-activism/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CTV>{{cite web|author=CTV Vancouver|title=Trans advocates rally against controversial feminist speaker Meghan Murphy|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trans-advocates-rally-against-controversial-feminist-speaker-meghan-murphy-1.4249890|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 11, 2019|accessdate=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724103807/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trans-advocates-rally-against-controversial-feminist-speaker-meghan-murphy-1.4249890|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2017, Murphy appeared before the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]], together with Hilla Kerner of the [[Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter]], to oppose [[Bill C-16]], which encoded [[gender identity]] and [[gender expression]] into Canadian law. She told the Senate: "Treating gender as though it is either internal or a personal choice is dangerous and completely misunderstands how and why women are oppressed under patriarchy as a class of people ... The rights of women and girls are being pushed aside to accommodate a trend."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgOLs_cEKi0|title="Meghan Murphy Presents a Feminist Case Against Bill C-16" |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=Senate10May2017>{{cite web |title=The Standing Senate Committee On Legal and Constitutional Affairs – Evidence |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/Committee/421/LCJC/53308-e |website=[[Senate of Canada]] |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104085527/https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/Committee/421/LCJC/53308-e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Legal and Constitutional Affairs – Meeting Detail |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/Committees/LCJC/NoticeOfMeeting/452675/42-1 |website=[[Senate of Canada]] |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]] |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140638/https://sencanada.ca/en/Committees/LCJC/NoticeOfMeeting/452675/42-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tasker">{{cite web |last1=Tasker |first1=John Paul |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-female-born-spaces-1.4110634 |title=Transgender rights bill threatens 'female-born' women's spaces, activists say |website=[[CBC News]] |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=May 12, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529005257/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-female-born-spaces-1.4110634 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Robertson">{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Dylan C |title=Senate committee rejects motion to narrow trans bill's scope |url=https://www.dailyxtra.com/senate-committee-rejects-motion-to-narrow-trans-bills-scope-73581 |website=[[Daily Xtra]] |date=May 30, 2017 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054741/https://www.dailyxtra.com/senate-committee-rejects-motion-to-narrow-trans-bills-scope-73581 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, she was invited to speak before the [[Scottish Parliament]] regarding gender identity laws and their impact on women's rights.<ref name=BBC22May>{{Cite web|title=Twitter-ban feminist defends transgender views ahead of Holyrood meeting|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48366184|website=[[BBC News]]|date=22 May 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004440/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48366184|url-status=live}}</ref> At their public meeting in London,<ref name=Sitwell>{{cite web|last1=Sitwell|first1=Ros|title=Hundreds of women gather in London to discuss sex and gender|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/hundreds-women-gather-london-discuss-sex-and-gender|work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]|date=May 24, 2019|accessdate=18 August 2019|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818123400/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/hundreds-women-gather-london-discuss-sex-and-gender|url-status=live}}</ref> she told ''Woman's Place UK'', "I see no empathy for women and girls on the part of trans activists, that is to say, those pushing gender identity ideology and legislation. What I see is bullying, threats, ostracization, and a misogynist backlash against the feminist movement and much of the work it's accomplished over years."<ref name=WomanPlace /> In an interview with ''[[The Scotsman]]'' regarding her views about [[transgender rights movement|transgender rights]] legislation, Murphy stated:

<blockquote>I'm not interested in stopping anyone having surgery or hormones if they feel that's making their lives better, and certainly people should be able to wear what they want and express themselves in ways that make them feel fulfilled and living authentic lives. But once it became about laws and legislation and gender replacing sex it became clear to me that this would have a real impact on women's rights and spaces.<ref name=Davidson_May2019 />
</blockquote>

Murphy has faced criticism due to her opposition to the establishment of [[Feminist views on transgender topics|transgender rights]] legislation, which has led to her being called "anti-transgender" by her opponents.<ref name=Alonso22July2013 /><ref name=BBC30October>{{cite web|title=Meghan Murphy: Canadian feminist's trans talk sparks uproar|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-50214341|website=[[BBC News]]|date=30 October 2019|accessdate=14 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030140627/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-50214341|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tasker"/><ref name="Robertson"/>

==== Twitter ban and lawsuit ====

In late 2018, Twitter changed its policy on hateful conduct and harassment to officially prohibit intentionally calling a trans person by the wrong pronouns or using their pre-transition names.<ref name="wells_2019">{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Georgia |title=Writer Sues Twitter Over Ban for Criticizing Transgender People |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/writer-sues-twitter-over-ban-for-mocking-transgender-people-11549946725 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=February 11, 2019 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728153708/https://www.wsj.com/articles/writer-sues-twitter-over-ban-for-mocking-transgender-people-11549946725 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in August 2018, Murphy stated that her Twitter account was locked more than once after she tweeted about issues involving [[Trans woman|trans women]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prengel |first1=Kate |title=Meghan Murphy: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |url=https://heavy.com/news/2018/11/meghan-murphy/ |website=Heavy |date=November 24, 2018 |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504001809/https://heavy.com/news/2018/11/meghan-murphy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Twitter permanently suspended Murphy's account in late November 2018, after she referred to [[Jessica Yaniv]], a trans woman, as "him".<ref name=RobertsonAE>{{cite web|last1=Robertson|first1=Julia Diana|title=Twitter Bans Meghan Murphy, Founder of Canada's Leading Feminist Website|url=https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/567199-twitter-bans-meghan-murphy-founder-of-canadas-leading-feminist-website|website=[[AfterEllen]]|date=November 27, 2018|accessdate=13 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412145534/https://www.afterellen.com/general-news/567199-twitter-bans-meghan-murphy-founder-of-canadas-leading-feminist-website|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Brean_him>{{cite web|last1=Brean|first1=Joseph|title='Yeeeah it's him': Vancouver writer sues Twitter over its rule against misgendering trans people|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/yeeeah-its-him-vancouver-writer-sues-twitter-over-its-rule-against-misgendering|work=[[National Post]]|date=February 12, 2019|accessdate=28 July 2019|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914063507/https://nationalpost.com/news/yeeeah-its-him-vancouver-writer-sues-twitter-over-its-rule-against-misgendering|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Brean_MM>{{cite web|last1=Brean|first1=Joseph|title=Meghan Murphy, the woman behind trans wars breaking out at the public library|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library|work=[[National Post]]|date=October 29, 2019|access-date=8 September 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909000418/https://nationalpost.com/news/meghan-murphy-the-woman-behind-trans-wars-breaking-out-at-the-public-library|archive-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> On February 11, 2019, Murphy filed a lawsuit against Twitter in response to her banning.<ref name=Mattbanned>{{cite web |last1=Matt |first1=Naham |title=Feminist Writer Sues Twitter After She Tweets 'Men Aren't Women' and Gets Banned |url=https://lawandcrime.com/lawsuit/feminist-writer-sues-twitter-after-she-tweets-men-arent-woman-and-gets-banned/ |website=[[Dan_Abrams#Law_&_Crime|Law & Crime]] |date=February 12, 2019 |accessdate=20 February 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407204840/https://lawandcrime.com/lawsuit/feminist-writer-sues-twitter-after-she-tweets-men-arent-woman-and-gets-banned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The suit was dismissed in early June, but Murphy stated that she intended to file an appeal.<ref name=Fry_appeal>{{cite web |last1=Fry |first1=Madeline |title=This journalist lost her lawsuit against Twitter for banning her account, but she's not giving up |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/this-journalist-lost-her-lawsuit-against-twitter-for-banning-her-account-but-shes-not-giving-up |work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=July 10, 2019 |accessdate=28 July 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728151518/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/this-journalist-lost-her-lawsuit-against-twitter-for-banning-her-account-but-shes-not-giving-up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=DavisDND>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Wendy|title=Twitter Defeats Lawsuit By Journalist Banned For 'Misgendering'|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/336990/twitter-defeats-lawsuit-by-journalist-banned-for.html|work=Digital News Daily|publisher=MediaPost|date=June 13, 2019|accessdate=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729114813/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/336990/twitter-defeats-lawsuit-by-journalist-banned-for.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public appearances and protests ==

Murphy's public appearances have been subject to protests in Canada, notably in Vancouver<ref name=Compton>{{cite web|last1=Compton|first1=Julie|title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456|website=[[NBC News]]|date=January 14, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619112530/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456|url-status=live}}</ref> and Toronto.<ref name=Hoard>{{cite web|last1=Hoard|first1=KC|title=Hundreds protest controversial Toronto Public Library event featuring Meghan Murphy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-hundreds-protest-controversial-toronto-public-library-event-featuring/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=October 29, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031140233/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-hundreds-protest-controversial-toronto-public-library-event-featuring/|url-status=live}}</ref> In both cities, LGBTQ organizations have also criticized public libraries for allowing Murphy to book space for public appearances.<ref name=Wadhwani>{{cite web|last1=Wadhwani|first1=Ashley|title=Vancouver Public Library banned from Pride parade after allowing controversial speaker|url=https://www.surreynowleader.com/news/vancouver-public-library-banned-from-pride-parade-after-allowing-controversial-speaker/|work=[[Surrey Now-Leader]]|date=July 23, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005810/https://www.surreynowleader.com/news/vancouver-public-library-banned-from-pride-parade-after-allowing-controversial-speaker/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ritchie>{{cite web|last1=Ritchie|first1=Kevin|title=Toronto Public Library facing Pride ban over Meghan Murphy event|url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/books/pride-toronto-ban-toronto-public-library-meghan-murphy/|work=[[Now (newspaper)|NOW]]|date=October 18, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005808/https://nowtoronto.com/culture/books/pride-toronto-ban-toronto-public-library-meghan-murphy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mayor of Toronto [[John Tory]] announced that he was "disappointed" in the library's decision to host Murphy's event, and said that the "highest of standards" should be set to ensure that "offensive commentary" is not hosted in city facilities.<ref name=Rider>{{cite web|last1=Rider|first1=David|title=John Tory 'disappointed' Toronto library allowing event with writer accused of being anti-transgender|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2019/10/17/john-tory-disappointed-toronto-library-allowing-event-with-writer-accused-of-being-anti-transgender.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=October 17, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102005806/https://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2019/10/17/john-tory-disappointed-toronto-library-allowing-event-with-writer-accused-of-being-anti-transgender.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Official Opposition Culture Critic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edu.yorku.ca/2019/02/education-grad-becomes-mpp/|title=From "why?" to "why not?": Faculty of Education grad becomes MPP and activist for social change|first=Alex|last=Kvaskov|date=February 7, 2019|website=Faculty of Education|access-date=November 8, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108151342/http://edu.yorku.ca/2019/02/education-grad-becomes-mpp/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jill Andrew]], a [[queer]]-identifying member of the [[Ontario New Democratic Party|ONDP]] Black Caucus, also objected to the event, saying "As a proud member of Toronto's queer community, I stand in solidarity with LGBTQ folks, as well as with local writers and members of the literary community who are standing up to oppose the [Toronto Public Library's] decision" to host "a person who publicly espouses hate speech".<ref name=Knope>{{cite web|last1=Knope|first1=Julia|title=Tory 'disappointed' in Toronto Public Library for hosting speaker accused of transphobia|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-public-library-tory-speaker-transphobia-1.5324218|website=[[CBC News]]|date=October 17, 2019|accessdate=2 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103023732/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-public-library-tory-speaker-transphobia-1.5324218|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tory asked City Librarian Vickery Bowles to reconsider the decision to permit Murphy's appearance.<ref name=Knope /> In response to the statements by the mayor, Murphy said, "It is unconscionable that the mayor of Toronto would attempt to pressure the [Toronto Public Library] to cancel this event...What I am saying is not controversial, and certainly is not hateful ... We deserve space for this conversation and our concerns deserve respect."<ref name=Knope /> Bowles defended the approval to host the event, noting that "Murphy has never been charged with or convicted of hate speech".<ref name=Hoard />

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.feminisms.org/author/meghan/index.html "Meghan Murphy"] at ''The F Word''
*[https://thetyee.ca/Bios/Meghan_Murphy/ "Meghan Murphy"] at ''[[The Tyee]]''

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'''This is a "stub" article containing only trivial definitions. You can help the FeministWiki by expanding it. Fill out the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Form] to become a wiki editor.'''
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Radical feminism

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Technician: Copy content from Wikipedia, yet to be cleaned up / made compatible.

{{draft}}

'''Radical feminism''' is a perspective within [[feminism]] that calls for a [[Political radicalism|radical]] reordering of society in which [[androcentrism|male supremacy]] is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation.<ref name="willis">{{cite journal |last1=Willis|first1=Ellen |title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/466537 |journal=Social Text |date=1984 |issue=9/10 |pages=91–118 |doi=10.2307/466537 |jstor=466537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giardina, Carol.|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/833292896|title=Freedom for women : Forging the Women's Liberation Movement, 1953-1970|date=2010|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=|isbn=0-8130-3456-6|location=|pages=|oclc=833292896}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|title=Feminist Consciousness: Race and Class – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/feminist-consciousness-race-and-class/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a [[patriarchy]] in which [[Man|men]] dominate and oppress [[Woman|women]]. Radical feminists seek to abolish the patriarchy as one front in a struggle to "liberate everyone from an unjust society by challenging existing social norms and institutions." This struggle includes opposing the [[sexual objectification]] of women, raising public awareness about such issues as [[rape]] and [[violence against women]], challenging the concept of [[gender role]]s, and challenging what radical feminists see as a racialized and gendered capitalism that characterizes the United States and many other countries. According to [[Shulamith Firestone]] in ''[[The Dialectic of Sex|The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution]]'' (1970): "[T]he end goal of feminist revolution must be, unlike that of the first feminist movement, not just the elimination of male ''[[Male privilege|privilege]]'' but of the sex ''distinction'' itself: genital differences between human beings would no longer matter culturally."{{sfn|Firestone|1970|p=11}} While radical feminists believe that differences in genitalia and [[secondary sex characteristics]] should not matter culturally or politically, they also maintain that women's special role in reproduction should be recognized and accommodated without penalty in the workplace, and some have argued compensation should be offered for this socially essential work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanisch|first=Carol|title=Housework, Reproduction and Women’s Liberation – MEETING GROUND OnLine|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/housework-reproduction-and-womens-liberation-2/|access-date=2020-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Early radical feminism, arising within [[second-wave feminism]] in the 1960s,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} typically viewed patriarchy as a "transhistorical phenomenon"{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=122}} prior to or deeper than other sources of [[oppression]], "not only the oldest and most universal form of domination but the primary form" and the model for all others.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=123}} Later politics derived from radical feminism ranged from [[cultural feminism]] to more [[syncretism|syncretic]] politics that placed issues of [[social class|class]], [[economics]], etc. on a par with patriarchy as sources of oppression.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=117, 141}}

Radical feminists locate the root cause of women's oppression in patriarchal gender relations, as opposed to [[legal system]]s (as in [[liberal feminism]]) or [[class conflict]] (as in [[anarchist feminism]], [[socialist feminism]], and [[Marxist feminism]]).

== Theory and ideology ==

Radical feminists assert that society is a [[patriarchy]] in which the class of men are the oppressors of the class of women.{{sfn|Echols|1989|p=139}} They propose that the oppression of women is the most fundamental form of oppression, one that has existed since the inception of humanity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}} As radical feminist [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]] wrote in her foundational piece "Radical Feminism" (1969):

<blockquote>The first dichotomous division of this mass [mankind] is said to have been on the grounds of sex: [[male]] and [[female]] ... it was because half the human race bears the burden of the reproductive process and because man, the ‘rational’ animal, had the wit to take advantage of that, that the childbearers, or the 'beasts of burden,' were corralled into a political class: equivocating the biologically contingent burden into a political (or necessary) penalty, thereby modifying these individuals’ definition from the human to the functional, or animal.{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=85}}</blockquote>

Radical feminists argue that, because of patriarchy, women have come to be viewed as the "other<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beauvoir, Simone de (Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand), 1908-1986.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1105756674|title=The Second Sex|date=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-09-959573-1|oclc=1105756674}}</ref>" to the male norm, and as such have been systematically oppressed and marginalized. They further assert that men as a class benefit from the oppression of women. Patriarchal theory is not generally defined as a belief that all men always benefit from the oppression of all women. Rather, it maintains that the primary element of patriarchy is a relationship of dominance, where one party is dominant and exploits the other for the benefit of the former. Radical feminists believe that men (as a class) use social systems and other methods of control to keep women (as well as non-dominant men) suppressed. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, and believe that eliminating patriarchy will liberate everyone from an unjust society. Ti-Grace Atkinson maintained that the need for power fuels the male class to continue oppressing the female class, arguing that "the ''need'' men have for the role of oppressor is the source and foundation of all human oppression".{{sfn|Atkinson|2000|p=86}}

The influence of radical-feminist politics on the [[women's liberation movement]] was considerable. [[Redstockings]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Redstockings|url=http://redstockings.org/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=redstockings.org}}</ref> co-founder [[Ellen Willis]] wrote in 1984 that radical feminists "got sexual politics recognized as a public issue", created [[second-wave feminism]]'s vocabulary, helped to legalize abortion in the USA, "were the first to demand total equality in the so-called private sphere" ("housework and child care ... emotional and sexual needs"), and "created the atmosphere of urgency" that almost led to the passage of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} The influence of radical feminism can be seen in the adoption of these issues by the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), a feminist group that had previously been focused almost entirely on economic issues.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=138}}

== Movement ==

=== Roots ===

Radical feminists in the [[United States]] coined the term [[women's liberation movement]] (WLM). The WLM grew largely due to the influence of the [[civil rights movement]], that had gained momentum in the 1960s, and many of the women who took up the cause of radical feminism had previous experience with radical protest in the struggle against [[racism]]. Chronologically, it can be seen within the context of [[second wave feminism]] that started in the early 1960s.<ref>Sarah Gamble, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism (2001) p. 25</ref> The leading figures of this second wave of feminism included [[Shulamith Firestone]], [[Kathie Sarachild]], [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], [[Carol Hanisch]], [[Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz|Roxanne Dunbar]], [[Naomi Weisstein]] and [[Judith C. Brown|Judith Brown]]. In the late sixties various women's groups describing themselves as "radical feminist", such as the UCLA Women's Liberation Front (WLF), offered differing views of radical feminist ideology. UCLA's WLF co-founder Devra Weber recalls, "the radical feminists were opposed to patriarchy, but not necessarily capitalism. In our group at least, they opposed so-called male dominated national liberation struggles".{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=418}}

Radical feminists helped to translate the radical protest for racial equality, in which many had experience, over to the struggle for women's rights. They took up the cause and advocated for a variety of women's issues, including [[abortion rights]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], access to credit, and equal pay.{{sfn|Evans|2002}} Many women of color were among the founders of the Women's Liberation Movment ([[Frances M. Beal|Fran Beal]], [[Cellestine Ware,]] [[Toni Cade Bambara]]); however, women of color in general did not participate in the movement due to their conclusion that radical feminists were not addressing "issues of meaning for minority women", [[Black women]] in particular.{{sfn|Linden-Ward|Green|1993|p=434}} After [[consciousness raising]] groups were formed to rally support, second-wave radical feminism began to see an increasing number of women of color participating.

In the 1960s, radical feminism emerged within liberal feminist and working-class feminist discussions, first in the United States, then in the United Kingdom and [[Australia]]. Those involved had gradually come to believe that it was not only the [[middle-class]] [[nuclear family]] that oppressed women, but that it was also social movements and organizations that claimed to stand for human liberation, notably the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]], the [[New Left]], and [[Marxism|Marxist]] political parties, all of which were male-dominated and male-oriented. In the United States, radical feminism developed as a response to some of the perceived failings of both [[New Left]] organizations such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and feminist organizations such as NOW.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Initially concentrated in big cities like [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], Washington, DC, and on the West Coast,{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}}{{efn|Willis (1984) doesn't mention Chicago, but as early as 1967 Chicago was a major site for consciousness-raising and home of the ''Voice of Women's Liberation Movement''; see Kate Bedford and Ara Wilson [http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm Lesbian Feminist Chronology: 1963-1970] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717042308/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/wilson935/chrono1.htm |date=17 July 2007}}.}} radical feminist groups spread across the country rapidly from 1968 to 1972.

At the same time parallel trends of thinking developed outside the USA: The Women’s Yearbook<ref>The essay on "Feminist Tendencies" in the Women's Yearbook (Frauenjahrbuch '76), published by the new Frauenoffensive press in Munich and edited by a work group of the Munich Women’s Center in Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.60 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref> from Munich gives a good sense of early 1970s feminism in West Germany:

<blockquote>Their Yearbook essay on behalf of the autonomous feminist movement argued that patriarchy was the oldest and most fundamental relationship of exploitation. Hence the necessity of feminists' separating from men's organizations on the Left, since they would just use women's efforts to support their own goals, in which women's liberation did not count. The editors of Frauenjahrbuch 76 also explicitly distanced themselves from the language of liberalism, arguing that "equal rights define women's oppression as women's disadvantage." They explicitly labeled the equal rights version of feminism as wanting to be like men, vehemently rejecting claims that "women should enter all the male-dominated areas of society. More women in politics! More women in the sciences, etc. . . . Women should be able to do everything that men do." Their position—and that of the autonomous feminists represented in this 1976 yearbook—instead was that: "This principle that 'we want that too' or 'we can do it too' measures emancipation against men and again defines what we want in relationship to men. Its content is conformity to men. . . . Because in this society male characteristics fundamentally have more prestige, recognition and above all more power, we easily fall into the trap of rejecting and devaluing all that is female and admiring and emulating all that is considered male. . . . The battle against the female role must not become the battle for the male role. . . . The feminist demand, which transcends the claim for equal rights, is the claim for self-determination.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ferree|first1=Myra Marx|title=Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective|date=2012|page=60|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Redwood City, California|chapter=Women Themselves Will Decide: Autonomous Feminist Mobilization, 1968–1978|isbn=978-0804757591}}</ref><ref>Frauenjahrbuch ’76 p 76-78</ref>
</blockquote>

Radical feminists introduced the use of [[consciousness raising]] (CR) groups. These groups brought together intellectuals, workers, and middle-class women in developed Western countries to discuss their experiences. During these discussions, women noted a shared and repressive system regardless of their political affiliation or [[social class]]. Based on these discussions, the women drew the conclusion that ending of patriarchy was the most necessary step towards a truly free society. These consciousness-raising sessions allowed early radical feminists to develop a political [[ideology]] based on common experiences women faced with male supremacy. Consciousness raising was extensively used in chapter sub-units of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) during the 1970s. The feminism that emerged from these discussions stood first and foremost for the liberation of women, as women, from the oppression of men in their own lives, as well as men in power. Radical feminism claimed that a totalizing ideology and social formation—''patriarchy'' (government or rule by fathers)—dominated women in the interests of men.

===Groups===
[[File:Redstockings.png|thumb|Logo of the [[Redstockings]]]]

Within groups such as [[New York Radical Women]] (1967–1969; not connected to the present-day socialist feminist organization [[Radical Women]]), which Ellen Willis characterized as "the first women's liberation group in New York City",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} a radical feminist ideology began to emerge. It declared that "the personal is political" and the "sisterhood is powerful";{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} calls to women's activism coined by [[Kathie Sarachild]] and others in the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminisms Matter: Debates, Theories, Activism|last1=Bromley|first1=Victoria|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> New York Radical Women fell apart in early 1969 in what came to be known as the "politico-feminist split", with the "politicos" seeing capitalism as the main source of women's oppression, while the "feminists" saw women's oppression in a male supremacy that was "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes". The feminist side of the split, whose members referred to themselves as "radical feminists",{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=119}} soon constituted the basis of a new organization, [[Redstockings]]. At the same time, Ti-Grace Atkinson led "a radical split-off from NOW", which became known as [[The Feminists]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=124}} A third major stance would be articulated by the [[New York Radical Feminists]], founded later in 1969 by [[Shulamith Firestone]] (who broke from the Redstockings) and [[Anne Koedt]].{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=133}}

During this period, the movement produced "a prodigious output of leaflets, pamphlets, journals, magazine articles, newspaper and radio and TV interviews".{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=118}} Many important feminist works, such as Koedt's essay ''[[The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm]]'' (1970) and [[Kate Millet]]'s book ''[[Sexual Politics]]'' (1970), emerged during this time and in this [[Social environment|milieu]].

=== Ideology emerges and diverges ===
At the beginning of this period, "[[heterosexuality]] was more or less an unchallenged assumption". Among radical feminists, it was widely held that, thus far, the sexual freedoms gained in the [[sexual revolution]] of the 1960s, in particular, the decreasing emphasis on [[monogamy]], had been largely gained by men at women's expense.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=121}} This assumption of heterosexuality would soon be challenged by the rise of [[political lesbianism]], closely associated with Atkinson and The Feminists.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=131}}

Redstockings and The Feminists were both radical feminist organizations, but held rather distinct views. Most members of Redstockings held to a [[materialism|materialist]] and anti-[[psychologism|psychologistic]] view. They viewed men's oppression of women as ongoing and deliberate, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, viewing institutions and systems (including the family) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent, and rejecting psychologistic explanations of female submissiveness as blaming women for collaboration in their own oppression. They held to a view—which Willis would later describe as "neo-[[Maoism|Maoist]]"—that it would be possible to unite all or virtually all women, as a class, to confront this oppression by personally confronting men.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=124—128}}

[[File:Ellen willis.png|thumb|[[Ellen Willis]]]]

The Feminists held a more [[idealism|idealistic]], psychologistic, and [[utopianism|utopian]] philosophy, with a greater emphasis on "[[sex role]]s", seeing [[sexism]] as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". They placed more emphasis on institutions, seeing marriage, family, prostitution, and heterosexuality as all existing to perpetuate the "sex-role system". They saw all of these as institutions to be destroyed. Within the group, there were further disagreements, such as Koedt's viewing the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. [[Ellen Willis]], the Redstockings co-founder, would later write that insofar as the Redstockings considered abandoning heterosexual activity, they saw it as a "bitter price" they "might have to pay for [their] militance", whereas The Feminists embraced [[separatist feminism]] as a strategy.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=130–132}}

The New York Radical Feminists (NYRF) took a more psychologistic (and even [[biological determinism|biologically determinist]]) line. They argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that [[social conditioning]] simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=133–134}}

=== Forms of action ===
The radical feminism of the late 60s was not only a movement of ideology and theory; it helped to inspire [[direct action]]. In 1968, feminists protested against the [[Miss America]] pageant in order to bring "sexist beauty ideas and social expectations" to the forefront of women's social issues. Even though bras were not burned on that day, the protest led to the phrase "bra-burner". "Feminists threw their bras—along with "woman-garbage" such as girdles, false eyelashes, steno pads, wigs, women's magazines, and dishcloths—into a "Freedom Trash Can", but they did not set it on fire".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Kreydatus, Beth. "Confronting The Bra-Burners" Teaching Radical Feminism With A Case Study"|journal=History Teacher Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> In March of 1970, more than one hundred feminists staged an 11-hour sit-in at the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' headquarters. These women demanded that the publication replace its male editor with a female editor, and accused the ''Ladies Home Journal'', "with their emphasis on food, family, fashion, and femininity", of being "instruments of women's oppression". One protester explained the goal of the protest by saying that they "were there to destroy a publication which feeds off of women's anger and frustration, a magazine which destroys women."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Hunter, Jean|title=A Daring New Concept: The Ladies Home Journal And Modern Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists used a variety of tactics, including demonstrations, speakouts, and community and work related organizing, to gain exposure and adherents.{{sfn|Willis|1984|p=117}} In France and West Germany radical feminists developed further forms of direct action.

==== Self-incrimination ====
On 6 June 1971 the cover of ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' showed 28 German actresses and journalists confessing “We Had an Abortion!” ([[:de:|wir haben abgetrieben!]]) unleashing a campaign against the abortion ban.<ref name=FMT_§218>{{Cite web | url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/abtreibung-gegen-218/ |title = Gegen §218 – Der Kampf um das Recht auf Abtreibung |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date = 20 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digitales-deutsches-frauenarchiv.de/akteurinnen/aktion-218 | title=Aktion 218}}</ref> The journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] had organized this avowal form of protest following a French example.

Later in 1974, Schwarzer persuaded 329 doctors to publicly admit in ''[[Der Spiegel]]''<ref name=DerSpiegel>{{Cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41739035.html | title=Abtreibung: Aufstand der Schwestern | work=[[Der Spiegel]] |pages=29–31 | date=11 March 1974 |language=German}}</ref> to having performed abortions. She also found a woman willing to terminate her pregnancy on camera with [[vacuum aspiration]], thereby promoting this method of abortion by showing it on the German political television program ''Panorama''. [[Cristina Perincioli]] described this as "... a new tactic: the ostentatious, publicly documented violation of a law that millions of women had broken thus far, only in secret and under undignified circumstances." However, with strong opposition from church groups and most of the broadcasting councils governing West Germany's [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] (association of public broadcasters), the film was not aired. Instead Panorama's producers replaced the time slot with a statement of protest and the display of an empty studio.<ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/abortion-gynecology-1973-75/]</ref>

==== Circumventing the abortion ban ====
In the 1970s, radical women's centers without a formal hierarchy sprang up in [[West Berlin]].<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p.89, Interviews with several witnesses translated in English: https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/berlin-womens-center-1972/]</ref> These Berlin based women’s centers did abortion counseling, compiled a list of Dutch abortion clinics, organized regular bus trips to them, and were utilized by women from other parts of West Germany.<ref>Frankfurter Frauen (eds.), “1. Frauenjahrbuch“ (1975)</ref> Police accused the organizers of illegal conspiracy. "The center used these arrests to publicize its strategy of civil disobedience and raised such a public outcry that the prosecutions were dropped. The bus trips continued without police interference. This victory was politically significant in two respects... while the state did not change the law, it did back off from enforcing it, deferring to women's collective power. The feminist claim to speak for women was thus affirmed by both women and the state."<ref>Myra Marx Ferree: Varieties of Feminism German Gender Politics in Global Perspective (2012) p.91 {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5759-1}}</ref>

==== Leaving the Church ====
In West Germany, 1973 saw the start of a radical feminist group campaign to withdraw from membership in the Catholic Church as a protest against its anti-abortion position and activities. "Can we continue to be responsible for funding a male institution that ... condemns us as ever to the house, to cooking and having children, but above all to having children".<ref name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März) |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref> In Germany those baptized in one of the officially recognized churches have to document that they have formally left the church in order not to be responsible for paying
a church tax.<ref>[name=FMT_1973>{{Cite web |url=https://frauenmediaturm.de/neue-frauenbewegung/chronik-1973/ |title=1973 (März)] |website=FrauenMediaTurm |date=17 April 2018 |language=German}}</ref>

====Protest of biased coverage of lesbians====
In November of 1972 two women in a sexual relationship, Marion Ihns and Judy Andersen, were arrested and charged with hiring a man to kill Ihns's abusive husband. Pretrial publicity, particularly that by [[Bild]], Germany's largest tabloid, was marked by anti-lesbian sensationalism. In response, lesbian groups and women's centers in Germany joined in fervent protest. The cultural clash continued through the trial which eventually resulted in the conviction of the women in October of 1974 and life sentences for both. However, a petition brought by 146 female journalists and 41 male colleagues to the German Press Council resulted in its censure of the [[Axel Springer SE|Axel Springer Company]], Bild's publisher. At one point in the lead up to the trial Bild had run a seventeen consecutive day series on "The Crimes of Lesbian Women".<ref>Cristina Perincioli, "Berlin wird feministisch"(2015) p. 117 translated in English: [https://feministberlin1968ff.de/womens-center/media-group-1973-75/]</ref><ref>[https://feministberlin1968ff.de/lesbian-life/1973-74-witch-hunt/]</ref>

==== Genital self-exams ====
Helped women to gain knowledge about how their own bodies functioned so they would no longer need to rely solely on the medical profession. An outgrowth of this movement was the founding of the {{ill|Berlin Feminist Women’s Health Center|de|Feministische Frauen Gesundheits Zentrum|lt=Feminist Women’s Health Center|vertical-align=sup}} (FFGZ) in Berlin in 1974. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

=== Social organization and aims ===
Radical feminists have generally formed small activist or community associations around either consciousness raising or concrete aims. Many radical feminists in Australia participated in a series of [[squatting|squats]] to establish various women's centers, and this form of action was common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By the mid-1980s many of the original consciousness raising groups had dissolved, and radical feminism was more and more associated with loosely organized university collectives. Radical feminism can still be seen, particularly within student activism and among working-class women. In Australia, many feminist social organizations had accepted government funding during the 1980s, and the election of a conservative government in 1996 crippled these organizations. A radical feminist movement also emerged among Jewish women in Israel beginning in the early 1970s.<ref>Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, ''Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives''. Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press), 1st ed. 2003. {{ISBN|1-58465-325-6}}</ref> While radical feminists aim to dismantle patriarchal society, their immediate aims are generally concrete. Common demands include:

* Expanding [[reproductive rights]]. According to writer [[Lisa Tuttle]] in ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' it was "defined by feminists in the 1970s as a basic human right, it includes the right to abortion and birth control, but implies much more. To be realised, reproductive freedom must include not only woman's right to choose childbirth, abortion, sterilisation or birth control, but also her right to make those choices freely, without pressure from individual men, doctors, governmental or religious authorities. It is a key issue for women, since without it the other freedoms we appear to have, such as the right to education, jobs and equal pay, may prove illusory. Provisions of childcare, medical treatment, and society's attitude towards children are also involved."<ref>From ''The Encyclopedia of Feminism'' (1986) Lisa Tuttle</ref>
* Changing the organizational sexual culture, e.g., breaking down traditional gender roles and reevaluating societal concepts of femininity and masculinity (a common demand in US universities during the 1980s). In this, they often form tactical alliances with other currents of feminism. {{vague|date=October 2020}}

==Views on the sex industry==
Radical feminists have written about a wide range of issues regarding the sex industry—which they tend to oppose—including but not limited to what many see as: the [[Feminist views of pornography#Harm to women during production|harm done to women]] during the production of pornography, [[Feminist views on pornography#Social harm from exposure to pornography|the social harm]] from consumption of pornography, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Coercion and poverty|the coercion and poverty]] that leads women to become prostitutes, [[Feminist views on prostitution#Long-term effects on the prostitutes|the long-term detrimental effects]] of prostitution, [[Feminist views on prostitution#The raced and classed nature of prostitution|the raced and classed nature]] of prostitution, and [[Feminist views on prostitution#Male dominance over women|male dominance over women]] in prostitution and pornography.

===Prostitution===
{{main|Feminist views on prostitution}}
Radical feminists argue that most women who become prostitutes are forced into it by a pimp, [[human trafficking]], poverty, [[Addiction|drug addiction]], or trauma such as child sexual abuse. Women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] asked: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?"<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |title=Prostitution in Five Countries |publisher=Feminism & Psychology |year=1998 |first1=Melissa |last1=Farley|first2=Isin |last2=Baral |first3=Merab |last3=Kiremire |first4=Ufuk |last4=Sezgin |pages=405–426 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306002439/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy3.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 }}</ref> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives, and most wanted to leave the occupation.<ref>Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html |date=2010-01-04 }}. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved on 2009-09-03.</ref>

MacKinnon argues that "In prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in rape."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |title=It's Wrong to Pay for Sex |date=5 August 2009 |publisher=Connecticut Public Radio |accessdate=8 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230257/http://www.cpbn.org/program/intelligence-squared/episode/its-wrong-pay-sex |archivedate=25 June 2010 }}</ref> They believe that no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression and no-one should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of [[Kathleen Barry]], consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of oppression".<ref name="Barry">Barry, Kathleen (1995). ''The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women''. New York: New York University Press.</ref> [[Andrea Dworkin]] wrote in 1992:

{{quote|Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. ... In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Prostitution and Male Supremacy|url=http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html|website=Andrea Dworkin Online Library|publisher=No Status Quo|date=October 31, 1992|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref>}}

She argued that "prostitution and equality for women cannot exist simultaneously" and to eradicate prostitution "we must seek ways to use words and law to end the abusive selling and buying of girls' and women's bodies for men's sexual pleasure".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hoffer, Kaethe Morris. "A Respose to Sex Trafficking Chicago Style: Follow the Sisters, Speak Out"|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminist thinking has analyzed prostitution as a cornerstone of patriarchal domination and sexual subjugation of women that impacts negatively not only on the women and girls in prostitution but on all women as a group, because prostitution continually affirms and reinforces patriarchal definitions of women as having a primary function to serve men sexually. They say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality—e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that casual sex is shameful for a woman, etc.—with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view—acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man, and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. Radical feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved so long as we normalize unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201023435/http://www.catw-ap.org/resources/speeches-papers/sex-from-human-intimacy-to-sexual-labor-or-is-prostitution-a-human-right/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-01 |title=SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right? |author=Cecilia Hofmann |publisher=CATW-Asia Pacific |date=August 1997 |accessdate=2010-05-09 }}</ref> "Feminist consciousness raising remains the foundation for collective struggle and the eventual liberation of women".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Polis, Carol A. "A Radical Feminist Approach to Confronting Global Sexual Exploitation of Woman"|journal=Journal of Sex Research, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

Radical feminists strongly object to the [[patriarchal]] ideology that has been one of the justifications for the existence of prostitution, namely that prostitution is a "necessary evil", because men cannot control themselves; therefore it is "necessary" that a small number of women be "sacrificed" to be used and abused by men, to protect "chaste" women from rape and harassment. These feminists see prostitution as a form of slavery, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp ''increase'' in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. [[Melissa Farley]] argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution. Nevada is the only US state that allows legal brothels, and it is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |title=Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN |publisher=Inner-star.org |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404030047/http://www.inner-star.org/sexualassaultprevention.html |archivedate=2011-04-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |title=Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking |author=MARK WAITE |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2007-09-07 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217174035/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html |archivedate=December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indigenous women are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<ref name="Lynne">{{cite journal |last1=Farley |first1=M. |last2=Lynne |first2=J. |last3=Cotton |first3=A. |title=Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=242–271 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/1363461505052667 |pmid=16114585 |s2cid=31035931}}</ref>

===Pornography===
{{main|Feminist views of pornography}}
[[File:MacKinnon.8May.CambridgeMA.png|thumb|[[Catharine MacKinnon]]]]

Radical feminists, notably [[Catharine MacKinnon]], charge that the production of pornography entails physical, psychological, and/or economic [[coercion]] of the women who perform and model in it. This is said to be true even when the women are presented as enjoying themselves.{{efn|MacKinnon (1989): "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography."{{sfn|MacKinnon|1989|p=196}}}}<ref>MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1984). "Not a moral issue". ''Yale Law and Policy Review'' 2:321-345.</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite episode| title = A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)| series = [[Think Tank]]|network= PBS| year = 1995| url = https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref><ref name=stanford-shrage>Shrage, Laurie (13 July 2007). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography"]. In ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''.</ref> It is also argued that much of what is shown in pornography is abusive by its very nature. [[Gail Dines]] holds that pornography, exemplified by [[Point of view pornography|gonzo pornography]], is becoming increasingly violent and that women who perform in pornography are brutalized in the process of its production.{{efn|Dines (2008): "The porn that makes most of the money for the industry is actually the gonzo, body-punishing variety that shows women's bodies being physically stretched to the limit, humiliated and degraded. Even porn industry people commented in a recent article in Adult Video News, that gonzo porn is taking its toll on the women, and the turnover is high because they can't stand the brutal acts on the body for very long."<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Dines| first1 = Gail| title = Penn, Porn and Me| work = [[CounterPunch]]| date = 23 June 2008| url = http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330143944/http://www.counterpunch.org/dines06232008.html| archivedate = 30 March 2009}}</ref>}}<ref>Dines, Gail. (24 March 2007). "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5003155114018800220# Pornography & Pop Culture: Putting the Text in Context]", ''Pornography & Pop Culture - Rethinking Theory, Reframing Activism''. Wheelock College, Boston, 24 March 2007.</ref>

Radical feminists point to the testimony of well known participants in pornography, such as [[Traci Lords]] and [[Linda Boreman]], and argue that most female performers are coerced into pornography, either by somebody else, or by an unfortunate set of circumstances. The feminist anti-pornography movement was galvanized by the publication of ''Ordeal'', in which Linda Boreman (who under the name of "Linda Lovelace" had starred in ''[[Deep Throat (film)|Deep Throat]]'') stated that she had been beaten, raped, and [[pimp]]ed by her husband [[Chuck Traynor]], and that Traynor had forced her at gunpoint to make scenes in ''Deep Throat'', as well as forcing her, by use of both physical violence against Boreman as well as emotional abuse and outright threats of violence, to make other pornographic films. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Women Against Pornography issued public statements of support for Boreman, and worked with her in public appearances and speeches.<ref>Brownmiller, ''In Our Time'', p. 337.</ref>

Radical feminists hold the view that pornography contributes to sexism, arguing that in pornographic performances the actresses are reduced to mere receptacles—objects—for sexual use and abuse by men. They argue that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity, and that the women are shown in a subordinate role. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women as being extremely passive, or that the acts which are performed on the women are typically abusive and solely for the pleasure of their sex partner. On-face ejaculation and anal sex are increasingly popular among men, following trends in porn.<ref name="GailDines-JulieBindel-PornIndustry">Bindel, Julie (July 2, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/02/gail-dines-pornography "The Truth About the Porn Industry"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> MacKinnon and Dworkin defined pornography as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities...."<ref name=mackinnon-fu>{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|title=Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law|date=1987|page=176|chapter=Francis Biddle's Sister: Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-29873-X|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/176}}</ref>

Radical feminists say that consumption of pornography is a cause of [[rape]] and other forms of [[violence against women]]. [[Robin Morgan]] summarizes this idea with her oft-quoted statement, "Pornography is the theory, and rape is the practice."<ref>Morgan, Robin. (1974). "Theory and Practice: Pornography and Rape". In: ''Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist''. Random House. {{ISBN|0-394-48227-1}}</ref> They charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and [[sexual harassment]]. In her book ''[[Only Words (book)|Only Words]]'' (1993), MacKinnon argues that pornography "deprives women of the right to express verbal refusal of an intercourse".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Schussler, Aura. "The Relation Between Feminism And Pornography"|journal=Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref>

MacKinnon argued that pornography leads to an increase in sexual violence against women through fostering [[rape myth]]s. Such rape myths include the belief that women really want to be raped and that they mean yes when they say no. She held that "rape myths perpetuate sexual violence indirectly by creating distorted beliefs and attitudes about sexual assault and shift elements of blame onto the victims".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxwell, Louise, and Scott. "A Review Of The Role Of Radical Feminist Theories In The Understanding Of Rape Myth Acceptance."|journal=Journal of Sexual Aggression, Academic Search Complete|volume=}}</ref> Additionally, according to MacKinnon, pornography desensitizes viewers to violence against women, and this leads to a progressive need to see more violence in order to become sexually aroused, an effect she claims is well documented.<ref name="mackinnon-guardian">{{Cite news|last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Are women human? (interview with Catharine MacKinnon) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 April 2006}}</ref>

German radical feminist [[Alice Schwarzer]] is one proponent of the view that pornography offers a distorted sense of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure, engaging in fetishes that are presented as popular and normal. {{source?|date=October 2020}}

==Radical lesbian feminism==
{{Main|Radical lesbians}}
[[File:Julie Bindel, 26 October 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Julie Bindel]]]]

[[Radical lesbians]] are distinguished from other radical feminists through their ideological roots in political lesbianism. Radical lesbians see [[lesbian]]ism as an act of resistance against the political institution of heterosexuality, which they view as violent and oppressive towards women. [[Julie Bindel]] has written that her lesbianism is "intrinsically bound up" with her feminism.<ref name=Bindel30Jan2009>{{cite news|last1=Bindel|first1=Julie|title=My sexual revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights|work=The Guardian|date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

During the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s, [[heterosexual|straight]] women within the movement were challenged on the grounds that their heterosexual identities helped to perpetuate the very patriarchal systems that they were working to undo. According to radical lesbian writer [[Jill Johnston]], a large fraction of the movement sought to reform sexist institutions while "leaving intact the staple nuclear unit of oppression: heterosexual sex".<ref name=":9">Johnston, Jill. "The Making of the Lesbian Chauvinist (1973)" ''Radical Feminism'': ''A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> Others saw lesbianism as a strong political tool to help end male dominance and as central to the women's movement.

Radical lesbians criticized the women's liberation movement for its failure to criticize the "psychological oppression" of [[heteronormativity]], which they believed to be "the sexual foundation of the social institutions".<ref name=":9" /> They argued that heterosexual love relationships perpetuated patriarchal power relations through "personal domination" and therefore directly contradicted the values and goals of the movement.<ref name=":10">Abbott, Sidney and Barbara Love, "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot? (1971)" ''Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader''. New York: New York University Press, 2000.</ref> As one radical lesbian wrote, "no matter what the feminist does, the physical act [of heterosexuality] throws both women and man back into role playing... all of her politics are instantly shattered".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that the women's liberation movement would not be successful without challenging heteronormativity.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">Radicalesbians. "The Woman-Identified Woman." Know, Incorporated. 1970.</ref>

Radical lesbians believed lesbianism actively threatened patriarchal systems of power.<ref name=":10" /> They defined lesbians not only by their sexual preference, but by their liberation and independence from men. Lesbian activists [[Sidney Abbott]] and [[Barbara Love]] argued that "the lesbian ''has'' freed herself from male domination" through disconnecting from them not only sexually, but also "financially and emotionally".<ref name=":10" /> They argued that lesbianism fosters the utmost independence from gendered systems of power, and from the "psychological oppression" of heteronormativity.{{sfn|Shelley|2000}}

Rejecting norms of gender, sex and sexuality was central to radical lesbian feminism. Radical lesbians believed that "lesbian identity was a 'woman-identified' identity'", meaning it should be defined by and with reference to women, rather than in relation to men.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Poirot, Kristan. Domesticating The Liberated Women: Containment Rhetorics Of Second Wave Radical/lesbian Feminism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication (263-264)|volume=}}</ref>

In their manifesto "The Woman-Identified Woman", the lesbian radical feminist group [[Radicalesbians]] underlined their belief in the necessity of creating a "new consciousness" that rejected traditional normative definitions of womanhood and femininity which centered on powerlessness.<ref name=":11" /> Their redefinition of womanhood and femininity stressed the freeing of lesbian identity from harmful and divisive stereotypes. As Abbot and Love argued in "Is Women's Liberation a Lesbian Plot?" (1971):

<blockquote>As long as the word 'dyke' can be used to frighten women into a less militant stand, keep women separate from their sisters, and keep them from giving primacy to anything other than men and family—then to that extent they are dominated by male culture.<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>

[[Radicalesbians]] reiterated this thought, writing, "in this sexist society, for a woman to be independent means she can't be a woman, she must be a dyke".<ref name=":11" /> The rhetoric of a ''"woman-identified-woman"'' has been criticized for its exclusion of heterosexual women. According to some critics, "[lesbian feminism's use of] woman-identifying rhetoric should be considered a rhetorical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Critics also argue that the intensity of radical lesbian feminist politics, on top of the preexisting stigma around lesbianism, gave a bad face to the feminist movement and provided fertile ground for tropes like the ''"man-hater"'' or ''"bra burner"''.<ref name=":2" />

==Views on transgender topics==
{{main|Feminist views on transgender topics}}

Since the 1970s, there has been a debate among radical feminists about [[transgender]] identities.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref> In 1978, the [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] voted to become [[womyn-born womyn]] only and wrote:

<blockquote>A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, "I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls." And we thought, "No you're not." A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat.<ref name="ross1995">Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}.</ref></blockquote>

Some radical feminists, such as [[Andrea Dworkin]], [[Catharine MacKinnon]], [[John Stoltenberg]] and [[Monique Wittig]], have supported recognition of [[trans women]] as women, which they describe as ''trans-inclusive'' feminism,<ref name="Abeni">{{cite news|last1=Abeni|first1=Cleis|title=New History Project Unearths Radical Feminism's Trans-Affirming Roots|url=http://www.advocate.com/think-trans/2016/2/03/new-history-project-unearths-radical-feminisms-trans-affirming-roots|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=The Advocate|date=3 February 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TransAdvocate>{{Cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm|website=TransAdvocate|date=April 7, 2015|accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=WilliamsTSQ>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|date=May 2016|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> while others, such as [[Mary Daly]], [[Janice Raymond]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Germaine Greer]], [[Sheila Jeffreys]], [[Julie Bindel]], and [[Robert W. Jensen|Robert Jensen]], have argued that the transgender movement perpetuates patriarchal gender norms and is incompatible with radical-feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary |title=Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism |date=1978 |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |location=Boston |edition=1990 |isbn=978-0807015100 |lccn= 78053790 |url=https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly}}</ref><ref name="newyorker"/><ref name=Pomerleau>{{cite book|last1=Pomerleau|first1=Clark A.|title=Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism|date=2013|pages=28–29|chapter=1|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-0292752948}}</ref><ref name=Jensen2015>{{cite news|last1=Jensen|first1=Robert|title=A transgender problem for diversity politics|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/latest-columns/20150605-robert-jensen-a-transgender-problem-for-diversity-politics.ece|accessdate=November 20, 2015|work=The Dallas Morning News|date=June 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/06/15/cathy-brennan-on-radfem-2013/ | title=Cathy Brennan On Radfem 2013 | work=Forbes | date=15 June 2013|first1= Peter J.|last1=Reilly}}</ref>

Those who exclude trans women from womanhood or women's spaces refer to themselves as ''gender critical''<ref name="Goldberg 2015">{{cite magazine |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=The Trans Women Who Say That Trans Women Aren't Women |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/gender-critical-trans-women-the-apostates-of-the-trans-rights-movement.html |accessdate=12 April 2019 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flaherty 2018">{{cite web |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title='TERF' War |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/08/29/philosophers-object-journals-publication-terf-reference-some-feminists-it-really |accessdate=12 April 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> and are referred to by others as trans-exclusionary.<ref name="Compton">{{cite news |last1=Compton |first1=Julie |title='Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pro-lesbian-or-trans-exclusionary-old-animosities-boil-public-view-n958456 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> Radical feminists in particular who exclude trans women are often referred to as "[[Feminist views on transgender topics#The term "TERF"|trans-exclusionary radical feminists]]" or "[[TERF]]s",<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /><ref name="Goldberg 2015" /><ref name="Compton"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cristan |date=2016-05-01 |title=Radical InclusionRecounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism |journal=[[Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=254–258 |doi=10.1215/23289252-3334463 |issn=2328-9252}}</ref> an acronym to which they object,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/are-you-now-or-have-you-ever-been-terf|title=Are you now or have you ever been a TERF? |last1=MacDonald |first1=Terry |date=16 February 2015 |magazine=[[New Statesman|New Statesman America]]}}</ref> say is inaccurate (citing, for example, their inclusion of [[trans men]] as women),<ref name="Flaherty 2018" /> and argue is a [[pejorative|slur]] or even [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |title=What Is a Woman? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |accessdate=November 20, 2015 |quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/09/21/terf-isnt-slur-hate-speech/ |title='TERF' isn't just a slur, it's hate speech |last1=Murphy |first1=Meghan E. |publisher=Feminist Current |date=September 21, 2017 |quote=If “TERF” were a term that conveyed something purposeful, accurate, or useful, beyond simply smearing, silencing, insulting, discriminating against, or inciting violence, it could perhaps be considered neutral or harmless. But because the term itself is politically dishonest and misrepresentative, and because its intent is to vilify, disparage, and intimidate, as well as to incite and justify violence against women, it is dangerous and indeed qualifies as a form of hate speech. While women have tried to point out that this would be the end result of “TERF” before, they were, as usual, dismissed. We now have undeniable proof that painting women with this brush leads to real, physical violence. If you didn’t believe us before, you now have no excuse.}}</ref> These feminists argue that because trans women are [[Sex assignment|assigned male at birth]], they are accorded corresponding privileges in society, and even if they choose to present as women, the fact that they have a choice in this sets them apart from people assigned female. Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminists in particular say that the difference in behavior between men and women is the result of socialization. [[Lierre Keith]] describes femininity as "a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission",{{efn|Keith (2013): "Female socialization is a process of psychologically constraining and breaking girls—otherwise known as 'grooming'—to create a class of compliant victims. Femininity is a set of behaviors that are, in essence, ritualized submission."<ref name=Keith21June2013>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/06/21/55123/ | title=The Emperor's New Penis | magazine=[[CounterPunch]] | date=21–23 June 2013 | author=Keith, Lierre}}</ref>}}<ref name="newyorker"/> and hence, gender is not an identity but a caste position, and [[Gender identity|gender-identity]] politics are an obstacle to gender abolition.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name="Forbes" /> [[Julie Bindel]] argued in 2008 that Iran carries out the highest number of sex-change operations in the world, because "surgery is an attempt to keep [[gender stereotypes]] intact", and that "it is precisely this idea that certain distinct behaviours are appropriate for males and females that underlies feminist criticism of the phenomenon of 'transgenderism'."<ref>[https://idgeofreason.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/2008-statement-from-julie-bindel/ "2008 Statement from Julie Bindel"], courtesy of idgeofreason.wordpress.com.</ref><ref name="CSOTP">{{Cite news|last1=Grew |first1=Tony |title=Celebs split over trans protest at Stonewall Awards |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=7 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629093225/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9523.html |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the BBC in 2014, there are no reliable figures regarding gender-reassignment operations in Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hamedani|first1=Ali|title=The gay people pushed to change their gender|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29832690|work=BBC News|date=5 November 2014|quote=There is no reliable information on the number of gender reassignment operations carried out in Iran.}}</ref>

In ''[[The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male]]'' (1979), the lesbian radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]] argued that "transsexuals ... reduce the female form to artefact, appropriating this body for themselves".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male|last1=Raymond|first1=Janice G.|date=1979|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807762721|location=New York|p=xx}}</ref> In ''The Whole Woman'' (1999), [[Germaine Greer]] wrote that largely male governments "recognise as women men who believe that they are women ... because [those governments] see women not as another sex but as a non-sex"; she continued that if uterus-and-ovaries transplants were a mandatory part of sex-change operations, the latter "would disappear overnight".<ref name="Greer2009">{{cite book|url=|title=The Whole Woman|author=Germaine Greer|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=978-0-307-56113-8|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymJArTm2CAIC&pg=PT101 101]}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] argued in 1997 that "the vast majority of transsexuals still subscribe to the traditional [[stereotype]] of women" and that by [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]] they are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be ... an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|year=1997|title=Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|url=http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Transgender%20Activism%20A%20Lesbian%20Feminist%20Perspective%20by%20Sheila%20Jeffreys%2C%20Journal%20of%20Lesbian%20Studies%201997%5B1%5D.pdf|journal=The Journal of Lesbian Studies|doi=10.1300/J155v01n03_03}}</ref> In ''Gender Hurts'' (2014), she referred to [[sex reassignment surgery]] as "self-mutilation",{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|pp=68–71}} and used pronouns that refer to biological sex. Jeffreys argued that feminists need to know "the biological sex of those who claim to be women and promote prejudicial versions of what constitutes womanhood", and that the "use by men of feminine pronouns conceals the masculine privilege bestowed upon them by virtue of having been placed in and brought up in the male sex caste".{{sfn|Jeffries|2014|p=9}}<ref name="newyorker" />

By contrast, trans-inclusive radical feminists claim that a biology-based or sex-essentialist ideology itself upholds patriarchal constructions of womanhood. Andrea Dworkin argued as early as 1974 that transgender people and gender identity research have the potential to radically undermine patriarchal sex essentialism: "work with transsexuals, and studies of formation of gender identity in children provide basic information which challenges the notion that there are two discrete biological sexes. That information threatens to transform the traditional biology of sex difference into the radical biology of sex similarity. That is not to say that there is one sex, but that there are many. The evidence which is germane here is simple. The words "male" and "female," "man" and "woman," are used only because as yet there are no others."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dworkin|first1=Andrea|title=Woman Hating|date=1974|pages=175–176|chapter=Androgyny: Androgyny, Fucking, and Community|publisher=[[E. P. Dutton]]|location=New York|isbn=0-525-47423-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womanhating00dwor/page/175}}</ref> In 2015, radical feminist Catherine MacKinnon said:

<blockquote>"Male dominant society has defined women as a discrete biological group forever. If this was going to produce liberation, we'd be free ... To me, women is a political group. I never had much occasion to say that, or work with it, until the last few years when there has been a lot of discussion about whether trans women are women ... I always thought I don't care how someone becomes a woman or a man; it does not matter to me. It is just part of their specificity, their uniqueness, like everyone else's. Anybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<ref name=TransAdvocate /></blockquote>

== Reception ==
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
[[Gail Dines]], an English radical feminist, spoke in 2011 about the appeal of radical feminism to young women: "After teaching women for 20-odd years, if I go in and I teach liberal feminism, I get looked [at] blank ... I go in and teach radical feminism, bang, the room explodes."{{sfn|Dines|2011}}

== Criticism ==

Early in the radical feminism movement, some radical feminists theorized that "other kinds of hierarchy grew out of and were modeled on male supremacy and so, were in effect, specialized forms of male supremacy".{{sfn|Willis|1984}} Therefore, the fight against male domination took priority because "the liberation of women would mean the liberation of all".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Becky|title= Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology Of Second Wave Feminism |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7e742ad93c990615a97d8c857597206b6ebaf54b |journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=337–360 |jstor=3178747|doi=10.2307/3178747|s2cid=152165042}}</ref> This view is contested, particularly by [[intersectional feminism]] and [[black feminism]]. Critics argue that this ideology accepts the notion that identities are singular and disparate, rather than multiple and intersecting. For example, understanding women's oppression as disparate assumes that "men, in creating and maintaining these systems, are acting purely as men, in accordance with peculiarly male characteristics or specifically male supremacist objectives".{{sfn|Willis|1984}}

[[Ellen Willis]]' 1984 essay "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism" says that within the [[New Left]], radical feminists were accused of being "bourgeois", "antileft", or even "apolitical", whereas they saw themselves as "radicalizing the left by expanding the definition of radical". Early radical feminists were mostly white and middle-class, resulting in "a very fragile kind of solidarity". This limited the validity of generalizations based on radical feminists' experiences of gender relations, and prevented white and middle-class women from recognizing that they benefited from race and class privilege according to Willis. Many early radical feminists broke ties with "male-dominated left groups", or would work with them only in ''ad hoc'' coalitions. Willis, although very much a part of early radical feminism and continuing to hold that it played a necessary role in placing feminism on the political agenda, criticized it as unable "to integrate a feminist perspective with an overall radical politics", while viewing this limitation as inevitable in the context of the time.{{sfn|Willis|1984|pp=120–122}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references/>

=== Parenthetical sources ===

*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=6: Radical Feminism, Ti-Grace Atkinson|pages=82–89|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Crow|editor1-first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader|year=2000|chapter=28. Lesbianism and the Women's Liberation Movement, Martha Shelley|pages=305–309|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0814715543}}
*{{cite web|last1=Dines|first1=Gail|author-link=Gail Dines|title= Gail Dines on radical feminism|publisher=WheelerCentre (Sydney Writers' Festival)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 29, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9LVVxvuomU&t=0m20s}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Echols|first1=Alice|author-link1=Alice Echols|title=Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|location=Minneapolis, Minnesota|isbn=0-8166-1786-4}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Evans|first1=Sara M.|title=Re-Viewing the Second Wave|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|year=2002|volume=28|issue=2|pages=258–267|doi=10.2307/3178740|jstor=3178740}}
*{{cite book|last1=Firestone|first1=Shulamith|author-link=Shulamith Firestone|title=The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution|year=1970|edition=1st|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-688-12359-7|url=https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexth00fire/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Jeffreys|title=Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism|year=2014|edition=1st|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=Abingdon, Oxon, England|isbn=978-0415539395}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Linden-Ward|editor1-first=Blanche|editor2-last=Green|editor2-first=Carol Hurd|title=American Women in the 1960s: Changing the Future|year=1993|edition=1st|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-8057-9905-2|url=https://archive.org/details/americanwomenin100lind/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|year=1989|edition=1st|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-89645-9|url=https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth0000mack/page/n3/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Willis|first1=Ellen|author-link=Ellen Willis|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=[[Social Text]]|year=1984|volume=The 60's without Apology|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|jstor=466537|doi=10.2307/466537}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web|author1-link=Carol Hanisch|last1=Hanisch|first1=Carol|last2=Scarbrough|first2=Kathy|author3-link=Ti-Grace Atkinson|last3=Atkinson|first3=Ti-Grace|author4-link=Kathie Sarachild|last4=Sarachild|first4=Kathie|display-authors=et al.|title=The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of "Gender"|url=http://meetinggroundonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/GENDER-Statement-InterActive-930.pdf|website=Meeting Ground OnLine|date=August 12, 2013}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Notes From the First Year|url=https://dukelibraries.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p15957coll6/id/650/page/0/inline/p15957coll6_650_0|magazine=[[New York Radical Women]]|date=June 1968}} (via [[Duke University Libraries]].)
* {{cite web|title=Redstockings Women's Liberation Archives|url=http://redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings|website=[[Redstockings]]}}
* {{cite web|last1=Welch|first1=Penny|title=Strands of Feminist Theory|url=http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|website=[[University of Wolverhampton]]|date=February 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010504203058/http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm|archivedate=May 4, 2001|url-status=dead}}

;Books and journals

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Diane|editor2-last=Klein|editor2-first=Renate|title=Radically Speaking|date=1996|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|isbn=1-875559-38-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coote|first1=Anna|last2=Campbell|first2=Beatrix|title=Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation|date=1982|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|location=London |isbn=0-330-26511-3}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ehrlich|editor1-first=Susan|editor2-last=Meyerhoff|editor2-first=Miriam|editor3-last=Holmes|editor3-first=Janet|title=The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality|year=2014|edition=2nd|pages=23–47|chapter=The Feminist Foundations of Language, Gender, and Sexuality Research by Mary Bucholtz|publisher=[[Wiley Blackwell]]|chapter-url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Handbook+of+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780470656426|isbn=978-0470656426}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Koedt|editor1-first=Anne|editor-link1=Anne Koedt|editor2-last=Levine|editor2-first=Ellen|editor3-last=Rapone|editor3-first=Anita|title=Radical Feminism|year=1973|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=9780812962208|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalfeminism00koedrich}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Love|editor1-first=Barbara J.|title=Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975|date=2006|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|location=Champaign, Illinois|isbn=978-0-252-03189-2}}

Template:Draft

2020-11-18T03:15:03Z

Technician:

'''This page is a draft. Its contents may be incomplete or appear broken. If you would like to contribute to its improvement, please [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html register an account] to become a wiki editor.'''
<hr/>

Template:Draft

2020-11-18T03:14:38Z

Technician: Created page with "'''This page is a draft. Its contents may be incomplete or appear broken. If you would like to contribute to its improvement, please [https://account.feministwiki.org/register..."

Sarah Ditum

2020-11-18T02:52:44Z

Technician: Created page with "{{stub}} '''Sarah Ditum''' is a British radical feminist and writer. She is a columnist for various British newspapers and also writes for many other pu..."

{{stub}}

'''Sarah Ditum''' is a British [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] and writer. She is a columnist for various British newspapers and also writes for many other publications, including [[Feminist Current]].

On her website she describes herself as: ''I'm a columnist, critic and feature writer with bylines at the New Statesman, the Guardian, the Spectator, the Independent, Eurogamer, Stylist, Grazia, Elle and more. Regular TV and radio appearances, including Newsnight and Today. Available for teaching and talks. Anti-fun feminist. Represented by [http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/juliet-pickering/ Juliet Pickering at Blake Friedman].''

== References ==

Personal blog:

* https://sarahditum.com/

Twitter profile:

* https://twitter.com/sarahditum

Author profile on various publications:

* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sarah-ditum The Guardian]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/author/sarah-ditum The Independent]
* [https://www.newstatesman.com/writers/sarah_ditum The New Statesman]
* [https://www.spectator.co.uk/writer/sarah-ditum The Spectator]

Template:Stub

2020-11-18T02:37:50Z

Technician:

''This is a "stub" article containing only trivial definitions. You can help the FeministWiki by expanding it. Fill out the [https://account.feministwiki.org/register.html Registration Form] to become a wiki editor.''

FeministWiki:Todo

2020-11-06T21:40:36Z

Technician:

== Content ==

=== Page ideas ===

* '''Prostitution''': Merge the pages [[Anti-prostitution feminism]] and [[Nordic Model]] into a general page about prostitution.
* '''Pornography''': A page about pornography with all its aspect like production, content, effects of society, etc.
* '''Pornhub''': https://traffickinghub.com/ Probably enough material to make this a separate page from [[Pornography]].
* '''List of well-known feminists''': Simply a list of all well-known feminists we can think of, perhaps divided by era, with a few sentences summarizing their significance.
* '''Queer theory''' (and its ties to pedophilia): Study & cite DrPankhurtEM's 4-part piece on QT/pedophilia
* '''Cotton ceiling''': http://www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html
* '''Sexism on the left''': Denial of sexism, rape culture, male-centric sex liberalism, queer theory, etc.
* '''Sexism on the right''': Recap all the ways in which right-wing conservatives are sexist, no matter how obvious, perhaps aimed especially at newcomers to feminism.
* '''Censorship of gender critical feminists''': List/discuss women who have suffered consequences of being gender-critical - women who have been deplatformed at events, lost jobs, been visited by police and been banned on Twitter. See Sam Barber Twitter threads and also Enough is Enough Twitter account. now 390 women's Twitter accounts suspended/banned? (June 18 2019)
* '''Censorship of feminists''': Perhaps this should be a generic article where censorship of GC feminists is only a subsection of it. See e.g. https://4w.pub/the-striking-similarities-between-the-treatment-of-modern-gender-critical-feminists-and-british-suffragettes/.
* '''Hormone-treatment of gender dysphoria''': Summary of science we have on health effects of taking cross-hormones, as well as hormone blockers for children.
:This could possibly start with Prof Carl Heneghan's bmj article: Gender-affirming hormone in children and adolescents https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2019/02/25/gender-affirming-hormone-in-children-and-adolescents-evidence-review/ Are there other good reviews?
* '''Sex-based oppression''': Biological aspects and basis for women's oppression. Perhaps this should be a subsection of a general [[Sexism]] page.
* '''Sex binary''': Debates over idea that sex is non-binary (review treatment on Wikipedia first - do not duplicate/replicate well-sourced and balanced articles there). Perhaps this should be a subsection of the [[Sex]] page.
* '''Transwomen in women's prisons''': Discuss the position of trans activists, and campaigns they ran to put certain transwomen into women's prisons (e.g. Synthia China Blast). Point out transwomen and trans-pretenders who were put in women's prisons and caused problems (e.g. Karen White).
* '''Transwomen and male violence''': Discuss both how transwomen are targets of male violence, and how they can be perpetrators of it. Useful source: fact-check on trans prison population and sexual offences: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629
* '''Domestic violence''': Sex differences, court bias, laws, and so on.
* '''Male violence''': General overview of the term that branches into different topics and links to other relevant pages like prostitution, domestic violence, and so on.

=== Link archive ===

Archive of random links.

==== Prostitution ====

* Amnesty infiltrated by pimps: (German) https://www.emma.de/artikel/amnesty-von-sexindustrie-lobby-unterwandert-330443

==== Self-ID ====

* Norway self-id issues: https://twitter.com/kajsa_skog/status/1050460469297856512

==== Gender dysphoria / desistance ====

* http://www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.html
* http://www.sexologytoday.org/2017/12/faulty-statistics-on-how-many-trans.html

== Technical ==

=== Bugs ===

* Fix forum passwords (if changed after first login, "Edit account settings" page breaks)
* Some users cannot save drafts in RoundCube

=== Stability ===

* Independent backups. (I.e. don't rely on Strato.)

=== Privacy / Security ===

* Tighter brute force protection against email clients

=== Documentation ===

* Update help page on password issues
* Improve help pages

=== Features ===

* Single sign-on
* Mail forwarding
* Email spam filter
* phpBB Jabber integration

=== Additional Services ===

* Soapbox
* Newsletter

=== Other ===

* Use Twitter follower tools to optimize social media engagement.
* Look into how to better utilize Facebook.

__NOTOC__

FeministWiki:Todo

2020-10-27T11:16:27Z

Technician: /* Additional Services */

=== Page ideas ===

* '''Prostitution''': Merge the pages [[Anti-prostitution feminism]] and [[Nordic Model]] into a general page about prostitution.
* '''Pornography''': A page about pornography with all its aspect like production, content, effects of society, etc.
* '''Pornhub''': https://traffickinghub.com/ Probably enough material to make this a separate page from [[Pornography]].
* '''List of well-known feminists''': Simply a list of all well-known feminists we can think of, perhaps divided by era, with a few sentences summarizing their significance.
* '''Queer theory''' (and its ties to pedophilia): Study & cite DrPankhurtEM's 4-part piece on QT/pedophilia
* '''Cotton ceiling''': http://www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html
* '''Sexism on the left''': Denial of sexism, rape culture, male-centric sex liberalism, queer theory, etc.
* '''Sexism on the right''': Recap all the ways in which right-wing conservatives are sexist, no matter how obvious, perhaps aimed especially at newcomers to feminism.
* '''Censorship of gender critical feminists''': List/discuss women who have suffered consequences of being gender-critical - women who have been deplatformed at events, lost jobs, been visited by police and been banned on Twitter. See Sam Barber Twitter threads and also Enough is Enough Twitter account. now 390 women's Twitter accounts suspended/banned? (June 18 2019)
* '''Censorship of feminists''': Perhaps this should be a generic article where censorship of GC feminists is only a subsection of it. See e.g. https://4w.pub/the-striking-similarities-between-the-treatment-of-modern-gender-critical-feminists-and-british-suffragettes/.
* '''Hormone-treatment of gender dysphoria''': Summary of science we have on health effects of taking cross-hormones, as well as hormone blockers for children.
:This could possibly start with Prof Carl Heneghan's bmj article: Gender-affirming hormone in children and adolescents https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2019/02/25/gender-affirming-hormone-in-children-and-adolescents-evidence-review/ Are there other good reviews?
* '''Sex-based oppression''': Biological aspects and basis for women's oppression. Perhaps this should be a subsection of a general [[Sexism]] page.
* '''Sex binary''': Debates over idea that sex is non-binary (review treatment on Wikipedia first - do not duplicate/replicate well-sourced and balanced articles there). Perhaps this should be a subsection of the [[Sex]] page.
* '''Transwomen in women's prisons''': Discuss the position of trans activists, and campaigns they ran to put certain transwomen into women's prisons (e.g. Synthia China Blast). Point out transwomen and trans-pretenders who were put in women's prisons and caused problems (e.g. Karen White).
* '''Transwomen and male violence''': Discuss both how transwomen are targets of male violence, and how they can be perpetrators of it. Useful source: fact-check on trans prison population and sexual offences: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629
* '''Domestic violence''': Sex differences, court bias, laws, and so on.
* '''Male violence''': General overview of the term that branches into different topics and links to other relevant pages like prostitution, domestic violence, and so on.

=== Bugs ===

* Fix forum passwords (if changed after first login, "Edit account settings" page breaks)
* Some users cannot save drafts in RoundCube

=== Stability ===

* Independent backups. (I.e. don't rely on Strato.)

=== Privacy / Security ===

* Tighter brute force protection against email clients

=== Documentation ===

* Update help page on password issues
* Improve help pages

=== Features ===

* Single sign-on
* Mail forwarding
* Email spam filter
* phpBB Jabber integration

=== Additional Services ===

* Soapbox
* Newsletter

=== Other ===

* Use Twitter follower tools to optimize social media engagement.
* Look into how to better utilize Facebook.

__NOTOC__

FeministWiki:General disclaimer

2020-10-22T13:40:12Z

Technician:

FeministWiki.org is a project by the German non-profit:

FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)

Richard-Wagner-Str. 25

DE-35321 Laubach

District court Gießen, HRB 10100

Legal correspondent: Taylan Ulrich Kammer

E-Mail: info@feministwiki.org

FeministWiki:Privacy policy

2020-10-22T13:39:48Z

Technician:

= Privacy Policy =

The entity responsible in the context of data protection laws, in particular the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), is:

<pre>
FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)
Richard-Wagner-Str. 25
DE-35321 Laubach

District court Giessen, HRB 10100

Legal correspondent: Taylan Ulrich Kammer

Email: info@feministwiki.org
</pre>

=== Your rights as a data subject ===

You can exercise the following rights at any time using the contact details of our data protection officer:

* Information about your data stored by us and their processing (Art. 15 GDPR),
* Correction of incorrect personal data (Art. 16 GDPR),
* Deletion of your data stored by us (Art. 17 GDPR),
* Restriction of data processing if we are not yet allowed to delete your data due to legal obligations (Art. 18 GDPR),
* Objection to the processing of your data by us (Art. 21 GDPR) and
* Data portability, provided you have consented to the data processing or have concluded a contract with us (Art. 20 GDPR).

If you have given us your consent, you can revoke it at any time with effect for the future.

You can contact a supervisory authority with a complaint at any time, e.g. to the responsible supervisory authority of the federal state of your place of residence or to the authority responsible for us as the responsible body.

A list of the supervisory authorities (for the non-public area) with addresses can be found at: https://www.bfdi.bund.de/DE/Infothek/Anschriften_Links/anschriften_links-node.html.

=== Changes to our privacy policy ===

We reserve the right to adapt this data protection declaration so that it always complies with current legal requirements or to implement changes to our services in the data protection declaration, e.g. when introducing new services. The new data protection declaration will then apply to your next visit.

=== Embedded content from other websites ===

Articles on this website may refer to other content (links).

These websites can collect data about you, use cookies, embed additional tracking services from third parties and your interaction with the embedded content, if you have an account and are logged in to this website.

=== Liability for content ===

The articles that can be called up on the website are for general information only and not for advice in specific cases. We endeavor to ensure that all information and data contained on the website are correct and up to date in accordance with Section 7 (1) of the German Telemedia Act. For the correctness, completeness, up-to-dateness or quality of the information and data provided, no guarantee is given according to Sections 8 to 10 of the Act. Liability for the content of the information that can be accessed is excluded unless it is intentional or grossly negligent incorrect information. Obligations to remove or block the use of information under general law remain unaffected. Liability in this regard is only possible from the point in time at which we become aware of a specific legal violation. As soon as we become aware of such legal violations, we will remove this content immediately.

=== Liability for links ===

We are not responsible for the content of websites that can be reached via a hyperlink. The operators of the linked pages are solely responsible for their content. We expressly do not adopt the content of these Internet pages as our own and can therefore not guarantee the correctness, completeness and availability of the content. When the link was first established, we checked the third-party content to see whether it might trigger civil or criminal liability. However, we are not obliged to constantly check the content to which we refer in our offer for changes that could give rise to new responsibility. Only if we discover or are informed by others that a specific offer to which we have provided a link triggers civil or criminal liability, we will remove the reference to this offer, insofar as this is technically possible and reasonable for us.

=== Copyright ===

The content and works on this website created by the operator of this website are subject to German copyright law. All contributions from third parties are marked as such. The duplication, processing, distribution and any kind of exploitation outside the limits of copyright require the written consent of the respective author or creator. Copies of these pages are only permitted for private use, but not for commercial purposes.

=== Data protection ===

As a rule, our website can be used without providing personal data. Insofar as personal data (e.g. name, address or email address) is collected on our website, this is always done on a voluntary basis as far as possible. These data will not be passed on to third parties without your express consent.

In connection with your access, data is temporarily stored in our server for the purpose of data security, which may allow identification (website visited, time of access, amount of data sent in bytes, source / reference from which you came to the page, browser used, operating system used, visible IP address). The data collected are only used for statistical evaluations. However, we reserve the right to check server log files retrospectively if there are concrete indications of illegal use. An evaluation, with the exception of statistical purposes in anonymous form, does not take place.

= In lay terms =

This section does not constitute a legal privacy policy. This is an honest summary of everything you might want to know about the FeministWiki and privacy, explained in lay terms instead of legalese.

Data stored by the FeministWiki could be split in two categories: data stored about your account, and data generated by your usage of FeministWiki services like opening pages, editing pages, using the chat system, or uploading files.

== Account data ==

At its core, the FeministWiki doesn't save anything about you other than your chosen username, a "cryptographic hash" of your current password, and the username of the member who added you. In addition, it can save an e-mail address and a "display name" of your choosing, if you enter these in the account settings page or provide them in the account request form. A detailed listing of all data stored in relation to your FeministWiki account follows.

=== The username ===

Your username doesn't need to correspond to your real identity in any way. If it does, note that other members can see it in some places such as the list of names in the chat service. It's almost impossible to keep 100% of malicious people from getting a FeministWiki membership, so a malicious person could end up seeing your username too. Furthermore, if you edit the wiki, post on public parts of the forum, publish a FeministWiki blog post etc., then your username will be publicly visible. If this is a problem for you, please contact the technician to change your username to one that doesn't relate to your real identity.

=== The password ===

Your password is not saved in plain text. Rather, a "salted SHA1 hash" of your password is saved. In layperson terms, this means: even in case of a data leak, attackers won't immediately know your password, though it's technically possible for them to figure it out if they spend a lot of time processing the leaked data. For this reason, the password you use here should not be a very important one, such as the password you use for online banking. (This issue applies to almost all websites that use passwords; the FeministWiki is not any less secure in this regard than other websites.) All FeministWiki services use encrypted communication, so your password doesn't travel over the network in plain text either.

=== The member who added you ===

The username of the FeministWiki member who created your account is visible to the [[FW:Technician|technician]], if she/he cares to look it up from the internally kept database.

=== Your regular e-mail address ===

In the account settings, you can set an e-mail address that should be associated with your FeministWiki account instead of the default address of ''(username)@feministwiki.org''. (In the account request form, this corresponds to the address you provide in the first e-mail input field.) While this address won't be listed publicly anywhere, it's possible that other FeministWiki members may see it. Given that it's practically impossible to keep out 100% of malicious persons from getting a FeministWiki member account, you should consider the risk that a malicious person will see this e-mail address. As such, consider not providing one and just using the ''(username)@feministwiki.org'' address provided by the FeministWiki, or providing one that cannot be traced to your real identity, if keeping your identity hidden is important to you.

=== Your recovery e-mail address ===

Also in the account settings, you can provide a secondary, hidden e-mail address that will be used solely for account recovery in case you forget your FeministWiki password. This address is only visible to the [[FW:Technician|technician]]. However, despite state of the art security measures, please note that a data leak can never be ruled out 100%, so if keeping your identity secret is very important to you, consider leaving this empty and instead taking good care of your password, or using an address that can't be traced to your real identity.

=== Data provided in the account request form ===

If you use the account registration/request form, if you leave out the primary e-mail address field, you are asked to fill out a secondary e-mail field so your account request can be responded to. While this address is not recorded in the member database (unless you explicitly opt in), it will appear in the automatic e-mail sent to admin@feministwiki.org. Likewise with the text you write in the "personal declaration" field of the form. The e-mail containing this data is stored on the mail server of the FeministWiki, meaning that the same data leak concerns as explained in the previous section might apply. That said, the technician will try to make sure that these e-mails are deleted after the account request is processed. (So far, a technical guarantee of this is not provided; this will come in a future rework of the account request system.)

== Activity data ==

When you use any of the FeministWiki services, like visiting any part of the website, editing wiki pages, posting to the forum, sending chat messages, sending FeministWiki e-mail, uploading files, or writing or commenting on blog posts, you generate data that is stored on the server, some of which is also publicly shown. Details follow.

=== Visiting pages ===

Absolutely '''every''' web page of the FeministWiki that you visit (including forum, blogs, the on-site chat or email clients, etc.) generate an "access log" entry on the web server which contains your IP address, time of access, and optional information sent by your web browser. (Heads up: this is a standard feature of web servers and is done by '''every''' website you visit, unless they've specifically turned this function off, which is unlikely.) This helps with alleviating abuse of the website and searching for technical problems when for instance someone is getting error messages when trying to open pages.

Usually, your IP address cannot be traced back to your real identity, although it reveals the location of your internet service provider and therefore possibly an approximate geographic location. If this is an issue for you, please look into software such as the Tor Project or other ways to hide your IP address from websites you visit.

The FeministWiki will absolutely never reveal the contents of the access logs to anyone.

=== Editing the wiki ===

All individual edits made to the wiki (including talk pages and other types of special pages) are permanently recorded, with the username of the editor and the date and time of the edit. These records remain even if the page is later edited by someone else so thoroughly that none of the content written by you remains. This recording of all edits helps to resolve issues with vandalism by malicious editors. (E.g. if someone removes all content on a page and replaces it with garbage, the original content can be recovered in a few clicks, and the edit logs will show who did the vandalism.)

Note: This is a standard feature of the wiki software ''MediaWiki'' that is also used by Wikipedia.

=== Posting on the forum ===

Most sections of the forum are publicly visible. Your username will appear aside your forum post, as well as the date and time of the post. There are sections of the forum that are only visible to members, but please remember that it's difficult to keep out 100% of malicious persons from getting a FeministWiki account. All forum posts are also stored on the server, and data leaks '''may''' happen despite state of the art security measures.

=== Using the chat system ===

Chat messages sent through the FeministWiki chat service are only visible to the recipient(s) of the message. However, they are stored on the server to provide you your chat history when you log in to the chat with a different device. Ideally, don't ever send personal information through the FeministWiki chat service if you want it to remain absolutely secret.

Furthermore, any device you use to log in to the chat system leads to an access log entry to be stored by the software. This helps identifying the cause of technical problems, like when someone is having difficulties logging in.

=== Writing blog posts or comments ===

The blog posts as well as the comments beneath them are publicly visible, and have your username attached to them, as well as the date and time of the comment, much like public posts on the forum.

=== Uploading files to the file storage system ===

The files you upload to the FeministWiki file storage are private by default. You have the option of sharing them with others by creating a sharing link or making files or whole folders accessible to other members. Since the files are stored on the server however, you should ideally never upload any files with personal information that you want to keep absolutely secret.

=== Sending and receiving FeministWiki e-mail ===

The e-mails you send and receive with your ''(username)@feministwiki.org'' account are stored on the server. Ideally, don't send any e-mail that provides personal information which you want to keep absolutely secret.

Furthermore, any e-mail client software you've configered to automatically fetch your received FeministWiki e-mail leads to access log entries to be stored by the e-mail server whenever the software in question opens a connection to look for any incoming mail. This helps with identifying technical problems like when someone is having difficulty receiving their FeministWiki e-mail, and is a standard feature of all e-mail servers, meaning your regular e-mail provider is doing it as well.

== Contact for further questions ==

Please contact technician@feministwiki.org if you have any privacy related concerns or questions that aren't answered above.

FeministWiki:About

2020-10-22T13:39:36Z

Technician:

FeministWiki:About

2020-10-22T12:58:23Z

Technician:

FeministWiki.org is a project by the German non-profit:

FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)

Richard-Wagner-Str. 25

DE-35321 Laubach

District Court Gießen, HRB 10100

Legal correspondent: Taylan Ulrich Kammer

E-Mail: info@feministwiki.org

Transwomen in women's sports

2020-08-08T21:30:50Z

Technician: Add "fit but unequal" infographic

{{PageSeo

| title = Transwomen in women's sports | description = Transwomen competing in women's sports creates a problem for women, since male physiology brings many performance advantages.
| keywords = women's sports, transwomen, sports, transwomen in sports
}}
[[File:Fit_but_unequal.jpg|thumb|300px|An infographic explaining several significant differences between the sexes]]
Since the [[Transgender ideology|trans activist]] notion of "trans women are women" is meant literally, it follows that transwomen would be allowed to partake in women's sports. When a sports organization adheres to this notion, it poses a problem to women's sports, since the various physiological differences between the sexes allow peak-performing male athletes to significantly outperform peak-performing female athletes in most disciplines. The extent to which [[hormone replacement therapy]] (HRT) decreases the advantages of being male is yet unstudied, however it is clear that many of the changes the male body undergoes during puberty are not reversed by HRT, such as overall body size, skeletal structure, or the size of the lungs and heart.

== Physiological differences ==

Significant physiological differences between the human sexes that might affect athletic performance include but are not limited to:

* Males weigh about 15% more on average<ref name="pmid15544194">Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Flegal KM (2004) [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf Mean body weight, height, and body mass index, United States 1960-2002.] ''Adv Data'' (347):1-17. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15544194 15544194]</ref>
* Males are about 15 cm (6 in) taller on average<ref name="pmid15544194"/>
* Males have denser and therefore more durable bones on average<ref name="pmid16637873">Benjamin M, Toumi H, Ralphs JR, Bydder G, Best TM, Milz S (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16637873 Where tendons and ligaments meet bone: attachment sites ('entheses') in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load.] ''J Anat'' 208 (4):471-90. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00540.x] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16637873 16637873]</ref>
* Males have stronger tendons and ligaments on average<ref name="pmid16637873" />
* Males on average have greater total muscle mass<ref name="Janssen">Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S. B., Wang, Z., & Ross, R. (2000). [http://jap.physiology.org/content/89/1/81 Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr.] Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), 81-88. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81 </ref>
* Males on average have a greater ratio of muscle mass to total body mass<ref name="Janssen"/>
* Males have about 56% greater lung volume relative to body mass<ref name="Glucksmann">Glucksmann, A. (1981). Sexual dimorphism in human and mammalian biology and pathology. London: Academic Press. pp. 66–75</ref>
* Males have larger airways and larger expiratory airflow, even when matched to women for height and lung volume<ref name="Hackney">Duke J.W. Sex Hormones and Their Impact on the Ventilatory Responses to Exercise and the Environment (Chapter 2). In: Hackney, A. (ed.) (2017). Sex hormones, exercise and women: Scientific and clinical aspects. Cham (Switz.): Springer, pp. 21-22</ref>
* Males have larger hearts, with 10% higher red blood cell count and higher haemoglobin, meaning greater oxygen carrying capacity, although the difference is less pronounced among athletes<ref name="Glucksmann"/>
* Males have higher circulating "clotting factors" which allow for faster healing of wounds and higher peripheral pain tolerance<ref name="Glucksmann"/>

The differences in strength can be very significant. For instance, gross measures of body strength suggest that women are approximately only 50% to 60% as strong as men in the upper body, and 60% to 70% as strong in the lower body.<ref name="pmid8477683">Miller AE, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8477683 Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol'' 66 (3):254-62. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8477683 8477683]</ref> A study of hand-grip strength found that even elite female athletes can be surpassed by a man with no athletic training.<ref name="pmid17186303">Leyk D, Gorges W, Ridder D, Wunderlich M, Rüther T, Sievert A et al. (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17186303 Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes.] ''Eur J Appl Physiol'' 99 (4):415-21. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1 DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0351-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17186303 17186303]</ref> Another study of sports performance in various disciplines found that males tend to perform 5.5% to 36.8% better, depending on the discipline.<ref name="pmid24149688">Thibault V, Guillaume M, Berthelot G, Helou NE, Schaal K, Quinquis L et al. (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24149688 Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983.] ''J Sports Sci Med'' 9 (2):214-23. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24149688 24149688]</ref>

== Notable transwomen in women's sports ==

=== Fallon Fox ===

[[File:FallonFox.png|thumb|300px|Fallon Fox saying he enjoyed fracturing his female opponent's skull]]

In September 2014, male mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter [[Fallon Fox]] severely injured a female opponent, Tamikka Brents, causing her to suffer a concussion, an orbital bone fracture, and seven staples to the head, in the first round of a fight. Brents took to social media to convey her thoughts on the experience of fighting Fox: "I've fought a lot of women and have never felt the strength that I felt in a fight as I did that night. I can't answer whether it's because she ''[sic]'' was born a man or not because I'm not a doctor. I can only say, I've never felt so overpowered ever in my life and I am an abnormally strong female in my own right," she stated. "Her grip was different, I could usually move around in the clinch against other females but couldn't move at all in Fox's clinch..."<ref>Cage Potato. (n.d.). After Being TKO'd by Fallon Fox, Tamikka Brents Says Transgender Fighters in MMA ‘Just Isn’t Fair’. [online] Available at: https://archive.is/yZfcs [Accessed 31 Jan. 2019].</ref> According to Wikipedia, Fox has won 5 out of 6 MMA fights in total as of May 2019, three of which were by knockout.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Fox</ref>

In June 2020, during debates spurred after J.K. Rowling's criticism of the transgender movement, Fallon Fox tweeted about the event: "I knocked two out. One woman’s skull was fractured, the other not. And just so you know, I enjoyed it. See, I love smacking up TEFS in the cage who talk transphobic nonsense. It’s bliss! Don’t be mad. 😉"<ref name=fox-twitter/>

=== Rachel McKinnon ===

Male transgender cyclist [[Rachel McKinnon]] won the women’s 35-44 sprint during the UCI Masters Track Cycling World Championships in Los Angeles, in October 2018.<ref>Ballinger, A. (2019). Rachel McKinnon becomes first transgender woman to win track world title - Cycling Weekly. [online] Cycling Weekly. Available at: https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/rachel-mckinnon-becomes-first-transgender-woman-win-track-world-title-397473 [Accessed 31 Jan. 2019].</ref> Third place finisher Jennifer Wagner commented that this was unfair, and later commented on Twitter that she would work on getting the rules changed, which Rachel McKinnon characterized as transphobic.

=== Terry Miller and Andraya Yearwood ===

Two male transgender high school athletes, [[Terry Miller]] and [[Andraya Yearwood]], won first and second place in the Connecticut state championship 100-meter dash in 2018. Miller also won first place in the 200-meter dash.<ref>Hudak, A. (2018, June 14). Transgender track stars win state championship, ignites debate over rules. Retrieved from https://www.wkbn.com/news/national-world/transgender-track-stars-win-state-championship-ignites-debate/1238813951 </ref>

=== Laurel Hubbard ===

''Also see: [[Wikipedia:Laurel Hubbard]]''

Male weightlifter [[Laurel Hubbard]] from New Zealand has been taking many women's gold and silver medals. In the 2017 Australian International & Australian Open in Melbourne, he took the gold medal of the women's heaviest 90 kg+ category at a bodyweight of 131.83 kg.<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun/> He thus became the first person to win an international women's weightlifting title for New Zealand.<ref name=hubbard-wapo/><ref name=hubbard-nzherald/>

Hubbard met the official eligibility requirements to compete against women, but many female competitors pointed out the unfairness of the situation. These include Iuniarra Sipaia, Toafitu Perive, Deborah Acason, and Tracey Lambrechs.<ref name=hubbard-samoaobserver/><ref name=hubbard-wapo/> Australian Weightlifting Federation's chief executive, Michael Keelan, said it was unfair to other competitors.<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun/>

Hubbard qualified for the 2018 Commonwealth Games,<ref name=hubbard-nzolympic/> but an elbow injury during the competition forced his withdrawal from the event,<ref name=hubbard-radionz/> while however leading the field.<ref name=hubbard-guardian/>

Hubbard took another two women's gold medals at the 2019 Pacific Games in Samoa.<ref name=hubbard-insidethegames/>

=== Michelle Dumaresq ===

Canadian professional downhill mountain-bike competitor [[Michelle Dumaresq]], who is a [[Sex reassignment surgery|post-operative]] male-born transsexual, won the 2002 Canada Cup series, which qualified Dumaresq for the Canadian National team. In September 2002, Dumaresq co-represented Canada at the World Mountain Bike Championships. However, due to technical issues with the bike, Dumaresq only managed a 24th-place finish in the event. In 2003, Dumaresq won the 2003 Canadian National Championships and again represented Canada in the 2003 World Championships. Dumaresq repeated a Nationals win in 2004 and finished 17th at the 2004 World Mountain Bike Championships held in Les Gets, France.

At the 2006 Canadian Nationals, a protest from one of the competitors during the podium ceremonies brought attention to Dumaresq's participation in female sports. The boyfriend of second-place finisher Danika Schroeter jumped up onto the podium and helped Schroeter put on a T-shirt reading '100% Pure Woman Champ'. The Canadian Cycling Association suspended Schroeter for her actions. However, the CCA announced that Schroeter's time off the race course would be served during the off-season when it would have no impact on her.

=== Hannah Mouncey ===

On 27 May 2018, male transgender handball player [[Hannah Mouncey]] scored three goals for Melbourne Handball Club in their win over University of Queensland Handball Club for the 2018 Oceanian Open Club Championship.<ref>http://handballvic.org.au/event/5628/</ref>

=== Gabrielle Ludwig ===

At 52, [[Gabrielle Ludwig]], a Navy veteran, enrolled in Santa Clara Community College's women basketball team. [https://culturallyboundgender.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/bilde.jpg Towering at 6’8”], and more than 30 years older than the female players, this post-operative transwoman was predicted by the team's coach to become "the most dangerous player in the state”,<ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/50-year-old-transsexual-8216woman8217-makes-college-basketball-debut-video 50-year-old transsexual ‘woman’ makes college basketball debut]. (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019.</ref> a prediction which proved to be accurate.<ref>[http://www.espn.com/espnw/athletes-life/article/10170842/espnw-gabrielle-ludwig-52-year-old-transgender-women-college-basketball-player-enjoying-best-year-life espnW -- Gabrielle Ludwig, a 52-year-old transgender women’s college basketball player, enjoying best year of her life.] (n.d.). Retrieved 31 January 2019</ref>

=== Lana Lawless ===

The Story Behind Transgender Trying to Play On LPGA Tour<ref>Lana Lawless: The Story Behind Transgender Trying to Play On LPGA Tour | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights https://bleacherreport.com/articles/490657-lana-lawless-the-story-behind-transgender-trying-to-play-on-lpga-tour#slide4</ref>

=== Chloe Anderson ===

This transgender volleyball player’s path leads to an NCAA women’s team<ref>Transgender Volleyball Player | Identify | Olympic Channel https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/original-series/detail/identify/identify-season-season-1/episodes/this-transgender-volleyball-player-s-path-leads-to-an-ncaa-women-s-team/</ref>

=== Nattaphon Wangyot ===

Transgender student's all-state honors in girls' track and field ignites backlash<ref>Transgender student's all-state honors in girls' track and field ignites backlash https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/6/nattaphon-wangyot-transgender-student-riles-critic/</ref>

=== Amelia Galpin ===

Why This Trans Woman Is Running the Boston Marathon<ref>Boston Marathon and Transgender Runners | them. https://www.them.us/story/boston-marathon-trans-women</ref>

=== Aron Taylor ===

First transgender woman finishes Jacksonville Marathon<ref>First transgender woman finishes Jacksonville Marathon | firstcoastnews.com https://www.firstcoastnews.com/article/news/first-transgender-woman-finishes-jacksonville-marathon/372266597</ref>

== References ==

<references>

<ref name=hubbard-heraldsun>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/more-sports/laurel-hubbard-wins-female-90kg-division-at-weightliftings-australian-international/news-story/cd4a5fa012eb9a5ceb0281faceea5c7a
|title=Laurel Hubbard wins female 90kg+ division at weightlifting’s Australian International
|date=March 20, 2017
|author=Matt Windley
|publisher=Herald Sun
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-wapo>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/03/22/transgender-woman-wins-international-weightlifting-title-amid-controversy-over-fairness/?noredirect=on
|title= Transgender woman wins international weightlifting title amid controversy over fairness
|date=March 22, 2017
|author=Marissa Payne
|publisher=The Washington Post
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-nzherald>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11821399
|title=Weightlifting: Transgender lifter Laurel Hubbard wins first international outing
|date=March 19, 2017
|publisher=NZ Herald
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-nzolympic>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.olympic.org.nz/athletes/laurel-hubbard/
|title=Laurel Hubbard - New Zealand Olympic Team
|date=November 24, 2017
|publisher=New Zealand Olympic Team
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-radionz>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/cwg18/354570/hubbard-has-no-regrets-stays-true-to-sport
|title=Hubbard has no regrets, stays 'true to sport'
|author=Bridget Tunnicliffe
|date=April 9, 2018
|publisher=Radio New Zealand
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-guardian>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/09/transgender-weightlifter-laurel-hubbards-eligibility-under-scrutiny
|title=Transgender weightlifter Laurel Hubbard's eligibility under scrutiny
|date=April 9, 2018
|author=Helen Davidson
|publisher=The Guardian
}}
</ref>

<ref name="hubbard-samoaobserver">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/23_03_2017/local/18224/Woman-lifter-beaten-by-transgender-speaks-up.htm
|title=Woman lifter beaten by transgender speaks up
|date=March 23, 2017
|author=Sina Filifilia Seva’aetasi
|publisher=Samoa Observer
}}
</ref>

<ref name=hubbard-insidethegames>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1082023/transgender-hubbard-beats-samoan-stars
|title=Transgender weightlifter Hubbard beats home favourites at Samoa 2019 after driving incident revealed
|date=July 13, 2019
|author=Michael Pavitt
|publisher=Inside the Games
}}
</ref>

<ref name=fox-twitter>
{{cite web
|url=http://archive.is/8uEHY
|title=Fallon Fox tweeting about injury caused to opponent
|date=June 16, 2020
|author=Fallon Fox
|website=Twitter
}}
</ref>

</references>



[[pt:Mulheres trans em esportes femininos]]

File:Fit but unequal.jpg

2020-08-08T21:28:47Z

Technician:

FeministWiki:Welcome

2020-06-29T02:24:10Z

Technician: /* Who runs the site? */

Welcome to the FeministWiki! This page will guide you through everything you need to know as a member.

== What is the FeministWiki? ==

The FeministWiki is a website with different components, that aims to offer a rich digital platform for feminist information and activism. The components of the FeministWiki are:

* A wiki, where educational and informational articles on feminist topics can be curated by the community. Like Wikipedia, but for feminism. You're reading a page of the wiki right now.
* A [https://blogs.feministwiki.org/ blog platform] where members who wish to publish articles can become authors on the shared main blog, or get their own personalized blog which they have full control over, such as: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org/socjuswiz/ SocialJusticeWizardry]
* A [https://files.feministwiki.org file-storage platform] (similar to DropBox) where you can upload files you want to save, and optionally share them with others. For instance, you could upload PDF documents, information charts, recordings of seminars, or even just feminist memes, so you can access them from any computer by logging in to your FeministFiles account.
* A [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ traditional web forum] where members can hold discussions about all sorts of topics. If you're familiar with the British website Mumsnet, this one's a bit like that.
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Members of the FeministWiki can use all of these services by logging in with the same username and password in each of them.

Further, every member is given an e-mail address like ''janedoe@feministwiki.org'' which they can use to send and receive e-mails. This might be useful, for example, if you don't want to use your personal e-mail address for political purposes.

=== What sort of feminism is it for? ===

As explained on the [[Main Page]], the FeministWiki is aimed at classical/radical feminism.

This includes, for instance, anti-prostitution and anti-pornography activism, female reproductive rights, opposition to gender stereotypes, support for female-only spaces, alliance with lesbian feminists and generally support for lesbian rights, and so on.

Genuine intersectional approaches are definitely valued, such as alliance with black feminists, support of women in poverty, etc., whereas faux-intersectionality that denies sex-based oppression and centers male interests is frowned upon.

=== How are new members added? ===

All members of the FeministWiki have a right to [https://add-member.feministwiki.org add further members] as they like.

Please be careful in who you add, as communities like this are juicy targets for troll infiltration. The system internally keeps track of who was added by who, so in the absolute worst case the technician is able to find the source of a troll infiltration and issue a sweeping ban to bring back peace, but it would of course be ideal if something like this didn't happen in the first place.

That said, please bring in as many of your trusted friends as you can! The FeministWiki only has a purpose so long as there's a community making use of it.

=== Can I trust you with my data? ===

If you want maximum security, '''you should never use any FeministWiki service to store or transmit sensitive information'''. The [[FW:Technician|technician(s)]] who have administrative access to the server can see your chat messages, emails, files uploaded to file storage, and so on, unless you use encryption on your computer before transmitting the data. There is also always the possibility of security holes in the server leading to data leaks, even if the technicians are not malicious and even if they follow common security best practices.

That said, the FeministWiki promises to show the utmost responsibility with regard to privacy and security. It doesn't expect you to provide any sort of personal information in your profile, and even if you choose to do so, the FeministWiki will never give that information out, unless forced to do so by German law enforcement.

Being hosted in Germany and belonging to a German non-profit organization, the FeministWiki is also bound by European and German law with regard to respecting user data and privacy.

=== Who runs the site? ===

The platform is offered by the German non-profit company '''FeministWiki gemeinnützige UG (haftungsbeschränkt)''' or FeministWiki gUG for short. The founder of the non-profit and administrator of the website is male computer programmer [https://twitter.com/KammerTaylan Taylan Kammer], who also goes by [https://spinster.xyz/@socjuswiz Social Justice Wizard] on Spinster.

== Help topics ==

=== What happens if I lose my password? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Password]]''

If you want to have safety against lost passwords, you can set a recovery e-mail address via the [https://settings.feministwiki.org/settings.html FeministWiki Account Settings] page. This e-mail address should '''not''' be your FeministWiki e-mail address (like ''janedoe@feministwiki.org''), because you need your FeministWiki password to access that one in the first place. (Chicken and egg problem.) The recovery e-mail address will be invisible to everyone except the FeministWiki technician.

If it's very important for you to keep your identity private, and if you don't trust the technician or fear data leaks, then you can use an e-mail address that isn't tied to your real identity. Just make sure that you can always access the e-mail that you use for this purpose, as otherwise you will not be able to reset your password.

'''Alternatively,''' you can contact the technician by sending an email to technician@feministwiki.org and ask for a manual password reset.

=== How does creating or editing wiki pages work? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Wiki]]''

Getting the hang of wiki editing may take some time, but the community will surely be delighted by your contributions!

See the help page linked above to get started, or dive right into the official and comprehensive [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents MediaWiki help page] if you're already somewhat skilled with software or feel courageous.

=== How do I use the forum? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Forum]]''

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An internet forum or web forum is a website that allows members to create "topics" (also called "threads") to discuss a certain matter. Once a topic is created, other members can reply (or "post") to the topic to add their insights. There is no limit to what these topics may be about, so the forum usually offers a number of categories (or "sub forums") under which the topics are grouped. A well-known example of a web forum is the British website [https://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/active-conversations Mumsnet].

For detailed instructions on how to use the FeministWiki forum, visit the forum help page linked above.

=== How do I use the chat system? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Chat]]''

''Chat web-interface: https://chat.feministwiki.org/''

The simplest way to use the chat is by opening the web interface linked above, and logging in there with your FeministWiki username and password.

You can also access the chat from dedicated chat programs like [https://gajim.org/ Gajim] or smartphone apps like [https://www.xabber.com/android/ Xabber for Android] or [https://chatsecure.org/ ChatSecure for iOS].

For detailed instructions on how to set up some of these chat programs/apps, see the help page linked above.

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If you want to publish articles on the FeministWiki blog, ask the technician by sending an e-mail to technician@feministwiki.org, and your FeministWiki account will be granted the ability to publish on the blog. If you want, you can also get a personalized blog that you have full control over, under a name like "blogs.feministwiki.org/JaneDoe".

The blog uses a self-hosted installation of the well-known blogging software [https://wordpress.com/features/ WordPress]. While the WordPress organization controls blogs that are hosted on their own servers, they also release the software behind their blogging system under a [https://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software free software] license, so anyone can install it on their own servers. The FeministWiki has such a local installation of that software, meaning that the WordPress organization has no control over what's published on the FeministWiki blog. As such, you don't need to fear censorship.

For further information on the FeministWiki blog, visit the blog front-page linked above.

=== How do I use the file storage? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Files]]''

''Files web-interface: https://files.feministwiki.org/''

The FeministWiki file storage lets you upload potentially very large files and save them on the FeministWiki servers. You can then access the files from anywhere, and optionally share some files with others via a link you send them.

To prevent accidental overloading of the server, every member is granted a quota of 1 GB storage by default. If you would like to store more data, just ask the technician to increase your quota.

For detailed information on how to use the file storage, see the help page linked above.

=== How do I use my FeministWiki e-mail address? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Mail]]''

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The easiest way to use your FeministWiki e-mail is by visiting the web interface linked above, and logging in with your FeministWiki username and password.

You can also set up any e-mail program/app on your computer or smartphone to use your FeministWiki e-mail address.

For further details, see the help page linked above.

=== Wait what? You have an IRC server? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:IRC]]''

The FeministWiki offers an ''Internet Relay Chat'' server for those who have been using computers for a long time and feel especially nostalgic, or those among the younger generations who have re-discovered IRC.

The server is only open to members. It rejects connections from those who can't authenticate with a valid FeministWiki username and password. The hostname is '''irc.feministwiki.org''' and only encrypted connections are accepted, on port 6697. To establish a connection, configure your IRC client so that your IRC nick is your FeministWiki username, and make your client use the rudimentary <code>PASS</code> authentication method with your FeministWiki password. (In most IRC clients this will simply correspond to a "password" text field that you fill out while configuring the connection.)

=== I have a friend who wants to become a member! ===

''Interface: [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add a member]''

Every member of the FeministWiki can add further members. Currently the above-linked basic web interface is the way to do so.

Simply fill out your own FeministWiki username and password, and then enter the desired username for the member you want to add. After you click the "Add member" button, the page will show some text saying that the operation was successful and show you an automatically generated password. Send the username and the generated password to the new member and inform them that they can change their password after logging in.

FeministWiki:Welcome

2020-06-29T02:16:44Z

Technician: /* Can I trust you with my data? */

Welcome to the FeministWiki! This page will guide you through everything you need to know as a member.

== What is the FeministWiki? ==

The FeministWiki is a website with different components, that aims to offer a rich digital platform for feminist information and activism. The components of the FeministWiki are:

* A wiki, where educational and informational articles on feminist topics can be curated by the community. Like Wikipedia, but for feminism. You're reading a page of the wiki right now.
* A [https://blogs.feministwiki.org/ blog platform] where members who wish to publish articles can become authors on the shared main blog, or get their own personalized blog which they have full control over, such as: [https://blogs.feministwiki.org/socjuswiz/ SocialJusticeWizardry]
* A [https://files.feministwiki.org file-storage platform] (similar to DropBox) where you can upload files you want to save, and optionally share them with others. For instance, you could upload PDF documents, information charts, recordings of seminars, or even just feminist memes, so you can access them from any computer by logging in to your FeministFiles account.
* A [https://forum.feministwiki.org/ traditional web forum] where members can hold discussions about all sorts of topics. If you're familiar with the British website Mumsnet, this one's a bit like that.
* A [https://chat.feministwiki.org chat messaging system] that can be used through the website or via smartphone apps. Like WhatsApp, but accessible for FeministWiki members only, and it doesn't need your mobile number.

Members of the FeministWiki can use all of these services by logging in with the same username and password in each of them.

Further, every member is given an e-mail address like ''janedoe@feministwiki.org'' which they can use to send and receive e-mails. This might be useful, for example, if you don't want to use your personal e-mail address for political purposes.

=== What sort of feminism is it for? ===

As explained on the [[Main Page]], the FeministWiki is aimed at classical/radical feminism.

This includes, for instance, anti-prostitution and anti-pornography activism, female reproductive rights, opposition to gender stereotypes, support for female-only spaces, alliance with lesbian feminists and generally support for lesbian rights, and so on.

Genuine intersectional approaches are definitely valued, such as alliance with black feminists, support of women in poverty, etc., whereas faux-intersectionality that denies sex-based oppression and centers male interests is frowned upon.

=== How are new members added? ===

All members of the FeministWiki have a right to [https://add-member.feministwiki.org add further members] as they like.

Please be careful in who you add, as communities like this are juicy targets for troll infiltration. The system internally keeps track of who was added by who, so in the absolute worst case the technician is able to find the source of a troll infiltration and issue a sweeping ban to bring back peace, but it would of course be ideal if something like this didn't happen in the first place.

That said, please bring in as many of your trusted friends as you can! The FeministWiki only has a purpose so long as there's a community making use of it.

=== Can I trust you with my data? ===

If you want maximum security, '''you should never use any FeministWiki service to store or transmit sensitive information'''. The [[FW:Technician|technician(s)]] who have administrative access to the server can see your chat messages, emails, files uploaded to file storage, and so on, unless you use encryption on your computer before transmitting the data. There is also always the possibility of security holes in the server leading to data leaks, even if the technicians are not malicious and even if they follow common security best practices.

That said, the FeministWiki promises to show the utmost responsibility with regard to privacy and security. It doesn't expect you to provide any sort of personal information in your profile, and even if you choose to do so, the FeministWiki will never give that information out, unless forced to do so by German law enforcement.

Being hosted in Germany and belonging to a German non-profit organization, the FeministWiki is also bound by European and German law with regard to respecting user data and privacy.

=== Who runs the site? ===

The site was set up by [[FW:Technician|a male computer programmer]] who wanted to do volunteer work for the radical feminist movement (and also train his server administration skills). For now, he prefers not to reveal his real-life identity, to deter abuse from anti-feminists. He is well aware of the repeated scandals surrounding "male feminists" and has no expectation of gaining the trust of all members. As such, he tries to create an open and well-documented infrastructure that should be easy to replicate by any other IT specialist in case something goes wrong. Also, the site does not expect members to provide any personal information. (See also the previous section.) This way, members shouldn't ''need'' to put trust in whoever is running the site, as they could take things under their own control if needed.

"Trust is good, control is better." -- German idiom, commonly attributed to Vladimir Lenin

== Help topics ==

=== What happens if I lose my password? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Password]]''

If you want to have safety against lost passwords, you can set a recovery e-mail address via the [https://settings.feministwiki.org/settings.html FeministWiki Account Settings] page. This e-mail address should '''not''' be your FeministWiki e-mail address (like ''janedoe@feministwiki.org''), because you need your FeministWiki password to access that one in the first place. (Chicken and egg problem.) The recovery e-mail address will be invisible to everyone except the FeministWiki technician.

If it's very important for you to keep your identity private, and if you don't trust the technician or fear data leaks, then you can use an e-mail address that isn't tied to your real identity. Just make sure that you can always access the e-mail that you use for this purpose, as otherwise you will not be able to reset your password.

'''Alternatively,''' you can contact the technician by sending an email to technician@feministwiki.org and ask for a manual password reset.

=== How does creating or editing wiki pages work? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Wiki]]''

Getting the hang of wiki editing may take some time, but the community will surely be delighted by your contributions!

See the help page linked above to get started, or dive right into the official and comprehensive [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents MediaWiki help page] if you're already somewhat skilled with software or feel courageous.

=== How do I use the forum? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Forum]]''

''Forum front-page: https://forum.feministwiki.org/''

An internet forum or web forum is a website that allows members to create "topics" (also called "threads") to discuss a certain matter. Once a topic is created, other members can reply (or "post") to the topic to add their insights. There is no limit to what these topics may be about, so the forum usually offers a number of categories (or "sub forums") under which the topics are grouped. A well-known example of a web forum is the British website [https://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/active-conversations Mumsnet].

For detailed instructions on how to use the FeministWiki forum, visit the forum help page linked above.

=== How do I use the chat system? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Chat]]''

''Chat web-interface: https://chat.feministwiki.org/''

The simplest way to use the chat is by opening the web interface linked above, and logging in there with your FeministWiki username and password.

You can also access the chat from dedicated chat programs like [https://gajim.org/ Gajim] or smartphone apps like [https://www.xabber.com/android/ Xabber for Android] or [https://chatsecure.org/ ChatSecure for iOS].

For detailed instructions on how to set up some of these chat programs/apps, see the help page linked above.

=== How do I publish on the blog? ===

''Blog front-page: https://blogs.feministwiki.org/''

If you want to publish articles on the FeministWiki blog, ask the technician by sending an e-mail to technician@feministwiki.org, and your FeministWiki account will be granted the ability to publish on the blog. If you want, you can also get a personalized blog that you have full control over, under a name like "blogs.feministwiki.org/JaneDoe".

The blog uses a self-hosted installation of the well-known blogging software [https://wordpress.com/features/ WordPress]. While the WordPress organization controls blogs that are hosted on their own servers, they also release the software behind their blogging system under a [https://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software free software] license, so anyone can install it on their own servers. The FeministWiki has such a local installation of that software, meaning that the WordPress organization has no control over what's published on the FeministWiki blog. As such, you don't need to fear censorship.

For further information on the FeministWiki blog, visit the blog front-page linked above.

=== How do I use the file storage? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Files]]''

''Files web-interface: https://files.feministwiki.org/''

The FeministWiki file storage lets you upload potentially very large files and save them on the FeministWiki servers. You can then access the files from anywhere, and optionally share some files with others via a link you send them.

To prevent accidental overloading of the server, every member is granted a quota of 1 GB storage by default. If you would like to store more data, just ask the technician to increase your quota.

For detailed information on how to use the file storage, see the help page linked above.

=== How do I use my FeministWiki e-mail address? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:Mail]]''

''Mail web-interface: https://mail.feministwiki.org/''

The easiest way to use your FeministWiki e-mail is by visiting the web interface linked above, and logging in with your FeministWiki username and password.

You can also set up any e-mail program/app on your computer or smartphone to use your FeministWiki e-mail address.

For further details, see the help page linked above.

=== Wait what? You have an IRC server? ===

''Main help page: [[Help:IRC]]''

The FeministWiki offers an ''Internet Relay Chat'' server for those who have been using computers for a long time and feel especially nostalgic, or those among the younger generations who have re-discovered IRC.

The server is only open to members. It rejects connections from those who can't authenticate with a valid FeministWiki username and password. The hostname is '''irc.feministwiki.org''' and only encrypted connections are accepted, on port 6697. To establish a connection, configure your IRC client so that your IRC nick is your FeministWiki username, and make your client use the rudimentary <code>PASS</code> authentication method with your FeministWiki password. (In most IRC clients this will simply correspond to a "password" text field that you fill out while configuring the connection.)

=== I have a friend who wants to become a member! ===

''Interface: [https://account.feministwiki.org/add-member.html Add a member]''

Every member of the FeministWiki can add further members. Currently the above-linked basic web interface is the way to do so.

Simply fill out your own FeministWiki username and password, and then enter the desired username for the member you want to add. After you click the "Add member" button, the page will show some text saying that the operation was successful and show you an automatically generated password. Send the username and the generated password to the new member and inform them that they can change their password after logging in.

FeministWiki:Todo

2020-06-20T14:35:29Z

Technician: /* Page ideas */

=== Page ideas ===

* '''Prostitution''': Merge the pages [[Anti-prostitution feminism]] and [[Nordic Model]] into a general page about prostitution.
* '''Pornography''': A page about pornography with all its aspect like production, content, effects of society, etc.
* '''Pornhub''': https://traffickinghub.com/ Probably enough material to make this a separate page from [[Pornography]].
* '''List of well-known feminists''': Simply a list of all well-known feminists we can think of, perhaps divided by era, with a few sentences summarizing their significance.
* '''Queer theory''' (and its ties to pedophilia): Study & cite DrPankhurtEM's 4-part piece on QT/pedophilia
* '''Cotton ceiling''': http://www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html
* '''Sexism on the left''': Denial of sexism, rape culture, male-centric sex liberalism, queer theory, etc.
* '''Sexism on the right''': Recap all the ways in which right-wing conservatives are sexist, no matter how obvious, perhaps aimed especially at newcomers to feminism.
* '''Censorship of gender critical feminists''': List/discuss women who have suffered consequences of being gender-critical - women who have been deplatformed at events, lost jobs, been visited by police and been banned on Twitter. See Sam Barber Twitter threads and also Enough is Enough Twitter account. now 390 women's Twitter accounts suspended/banned? (June 18 2019)
* '''Censorship of feminists''': Perhaps this should be a generic article where censorship of GC feminists is only a subsection of it. See e.g. https://4w.pub/the-striking-similarities-between-the-treatment-of-modern-gender-critical-feminists-and-british-suffragettes/.
* '''Hormone-treatment of gender dysphoria''': Summary of science we have on health effects of taking cross-hormones, as well as hormone blockers for children.
:This could possibly start with Prof Carl Heneghan's bmj article: Gender-affirming hormone in children and adolescents https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2019/02/25/gender-affirming-hormone-in-children-and-adolescents-evidence-review/ Are there other good reviews?
* '''Sex-based oppression''': Biological aspects and basis for women's oppression. Perhaps this should be a subsection of a general [[Sexism]] page.
* '''Sex binary''': Debates over idea that sex is non-binary (review treatment on Wikipedia first - do not duplicate/replicate well-sourced and balanced articles there). Perhaps this should be a subsection of the [[Sex]] page.
* '''Transwomen in women's prisons''': Discuss the position of trans activists, and campaigns they ran to put certain transwomen into women's prisons (e.g. Synthia China Blast). Point out transwomen and trans-pretenders who were put in women's prisons and caused problems (e.g. Karen White).
* '''Transwomen and male violence''': Discuss both how transwomen are targets of male violence, and how they can be perpetrators of it. Useful source: fact-check on trans prison population and sexual offences: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629
* '''Domestic violence''': Sex differences, court bias, laws, and so on.
* '''Male violence''': General overview of the term that branches into different topics and links to other relevant pages like prostitution, domestic violence, and so on.

=== Bugs ===

* Fix forum passwords (if changed after first login, "Edit account settings" page breaks)
* Some users cannot save drafts in RoundCube

=== Stability ===

* Independent backups. (I.e. don't rely on Strato.)

=== Privacy / Security ===

* Tighter brute force protection against email clients

=== Documentation ===

* Update help page on password issues
* Improve help pages

=== Features ===

* Single sign-on
* Mail forwarding
* Email spam filter
* phpBB Jabber integration

=== Additional Services ===

* Mastodon
* Newsletter

=== Other ===

* Use Twitter follower tools to optimize social media engagement.
* Look into how to better utilize Facebook.

__NOTOC__

FeministWiki:Todo

2020-06-20T14:32:13Z

Technician: /* Documentation */

=== Page ideas ===

* '''Prostitution''': Merge the pages [[Anti-prostitution feminism]] and [[Nordic Model]] into a general page about prostitution.
* '''Pornography''': A page about pornography with all its aspect like production, content, effects of society, etc.
* '''Pornhub''': https://traffickinghub.com/ Probably enough material to make this a separate page from [[Pornography]].
* '''List of well-known feminists''': Simply a list of all well-known feminists we can think of, perhaps divided by era, with a few sentences summarizing their significance.
* '''Queer theory''' (and its ties to pedophilia): Study & cite DrPankhurtEM's 4-part piece on QT/pedophilia
* '''Cotton ceiling''': http://www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html
* '''Sexism on the left''': Denial of sexism, rape culture, male-centric sex liberalism, queer theory, etc.
* '''Sexism on the right''': Recap all the ways in which right-wing conservatives are sexist, no matter how obvious, perhaps aimed especially at newcomers to feminism.
* '''Censorship of gender critical feminists''': List/discuss women who have suffered consequences of being gender-critical - women who have been deplatformed at events, lost jobs, been visited by police and been banned on Twitter. See Sam Barber Twitter threads and also Enough is Enough Twitter account. now 390 women's Twitter accounts suspended/banned? (June 18 2019)
* '''Censorship of feminists''': Perhaps this should be a generic article where censorship of GC feminists is only a subsection of it. See e.g. https://4w.pub/the-striking-similarities-between-the-treatment-of-modern-gender-critical-feminists-and-british-suffragettes/.
* '''Hormone-treatment of gender dysphoria''': Summary of science we have on health effects of taking cross-hormones, as well as hormone blockers for children.
:This could possibly start with Prof Carl Heneghan's bmj article: Gender-affirming hormone in children and adolescents https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2019/02/25/gender-affirming-hormone-in-children-and-adolescents-evidence-review/ Are there other good reviews?
* '''Sex-based oppression''': Biological aspects and basis for women's oppression. Perhaps this should be a subsection of a general [[Sexism]] page.
* '''Sex binary''': Debates over idea that sex is non-binary (review treatment on Wikipedia first - do not duplicate/replicate well-sourced and balanced articles there). Perhaps this should be a subsection of the [[Sex]] page.
* '''Transwomen in women's prisons''': Discuss the position of trans activists, and campaigns they ran to put certain transwomen into women's prisons (e.g. Synthia China Blast). Point out transwomen and trans-pretenders who were put in women's prisons and caused problems (e.g. Karen White).
* '''Transwomen and male violence''': Discuss both how transwomen are targets of male violence, and how they can be perpetrators of it. Useful source: fact-check on trans prison population and sexual offences: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629

=== Bugs ===

* Fix forum passwords (if changed after first login, "Edit account settings" page breaks)
* Some users cannot save drafts in RoundCube

=== Stability ===

* Independent backups. (I.e. don't rely on Strato.)

=== Privacy / Security ===

* Tighter brute force protection against email clients

=== Documentation ===

* Update help page on password issues
* Improve help pages

=== Features ===

* Single sign-on
* Mail forwarding
* Email spam filter
* phpBB Jabber integration

=== Additional Services ===

* Mastodon
* Newsletter

=== Other ===

* Use Twitter follower tools to optimize social media engagement.
* Look into how to better utilize Facebook.

__NOTOC__

FeministWiki:Todo

2020-06-19T21:41:15Z

Technician:

=== Page ideas ===

* '''Prostitution''': Merge the pages [[Anti-prostitution feminism]] and [[Nordic Model]] into a general page about prostitution.
* '''Pornography''': A page about pornography with all its aspect like production, content, effects of society, etc.
* '''Pornhub''': https://traffickinghub.com/ Probably enough material to make this a separate page from [[Pornography]].
* '''List of well-known feminists''': Simply a list of all well-known feminists we can think of, perhaps divided by era, with a few sentences summarizing their significance.
* '''Queer theory''' (and its ties to pedophilia): Study & cite DrPankhurtEM's 4-part piece on QT/pedophilia
* '''Cotton ceiling''': http://www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html
* '''Sexism on the left''': Denial of sexism, rape culture, male-centric sex liberalism, queer theory, etc.
* '''Sexism on the right''': Recap all the ways in which right-wing conservatives are sexist, no matter how obvious, perhaps aimed especially at newcomers to feminism.
* '''Censorship of gender critical feminists''': List/discuss women who have suffered consequences of being gender-critical - women who have been deplatformed at events, lost jobs, been visited by police and been banned on Twitter. See Sam Barber Twitter threads and also Enough is Enough Twitter account. now 390 women's Twitter accounts suspended/banned? (June 18 2019)
* '''Censorship of feminists''': Perhaps this should be a generic article where censorship of GC feminists is only a subsection of it. See e.g. https://4w.pub/the-striking-similarities-between-the-treatment-of-modern-gender-critical-feminists-and-british-suffragettes/.
* '''Hormone-treatment of gender dysphoria''': Summary of science we have on health effects of taking cross-hormones, as well as hormone blockers for children.
:This could possibly start with Prof Carl Heneghan's bmj article: Gender-affirming hormone in children and adolescents https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2019/02/25/gender-affirming-hormone-in-children-and-adolescents-evidence-review/ Are there other good reviews?
* '''Sex-based oppression''': Biological aspects and basis for women's oppression. Perhaps this should be a subsection of a general [[Sexism]] page.
* '''Sex binary''': Debates over idea that sex is non-binary (review treatment on Wikipedia first - do not duplicate/replicate well-sourced and balanced articles there). Perhaps this should be a subsection of the [[Sex]] page.
* '''Transwomen in women's prisons''': Discuss the position of trans activists, and campaigns they ran to put certain transwomen into women's prisons (e.g. Synthia China Blast). Point out transwomen and trans-pretenders who were put in women's prisons and caused problems (e.g. Karen White).
* '''Transwomen and male violence''': Discuss both how transwomen are targets of male violence, and how they can be perpetrators of it. Useful source: fact-check on trans prison population and sexual offences: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629

=== Bugs ===

* Fix forum passwords (if changed after first login, "Edit account settings" page breaks)
* Some users cannot save drafts in RoundCube

=== Stability ===

* Independent backups. (I.e. don't rely on Strato.)

=== Privacy / Security ===

* Tighter brute force protection against email clients

=== Documentation ===

* Document how we disable IPv6
* Document Fail2Ban usage
* Update help page on password issues
* Improve help pages

=== Features ===

* Single sign-on
* Mail forwarding
* Email spam filter
* phpBB Jabber integration

=== Additional Services ===

* Mastodon
* Newsletter

=== Other ===

* Use Twitter follower tools to optimize social media engagement.
* Look into how to better utilize Facebook.

__NOTOC__

FeministWiki:Todo

2020-06-19T21:38:05Z

Technician:

=== Page ideas ===

* '''Pornhub''': https://traffickinghub.com/ (enough said)
* '''List of well-known feminists''': Simply a list of all well-known feminists we can think of, perhaps divided by era, with a few sentences summarizing their significance.
* '''Queer theory''' (and its ties to pedophilia): Study & cite DrPankhurtEM's 4-part piece on QT/pedophilia
* '''Cotton ceiling''': http://www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html
* '''Sexism on the left''': Denial of sexism, rape culture, male-centric sex liberalism, queer theory, etc.
* '''Sexism on the right''': Recap all the ways in which right-wing conservatives are sexist, no matter how obvious, perhaps aimed especially at newcomers to feminism.
* '''Censorship of gender critical feminists''': List/discuss women who have suffered consequences of being gender-critical - women who have been deplatformed at events, lost jobs, been visited by police and been banned on Twitter. See Sam Barber Twitter threads and also Enough is Enough Twitter account. now 390 women's Twitter accounts suspended/banned? (June 18 2019)
* '''Censorship of feminists''': Perhaps this should be a generic article where censorship of GC feminists is only a subsection of it. See e.g. https://4w.pub/the-striking-similarities-between-the-treatment-of-modern-gender-critical-feminists-and-british-suffragettes/.
* '''Hormone-treatment of gender dysphoria''': Summary of science we have on health effects of taking cross-hormones, as well as hormone blockers for children.
:This could possibly start with Prof Carl Heneghan's bmj article: Gender-affirming hormone in children and adolescents https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2019/02/25/gender-affirming-hormone-in-children-and-adolescents-evidence-review/ Are there other good reviews?
* '''Sex-based oppression''': Biological aspects and basis for women's oppression. Perhaps this should be a subsection of a general [[Sexism]] page.
* '''Sex binary''': Debates over idea that sex is non-binary (review treatment on Wikipedia first - do not duplicate/replicate well-sourced and balanced articles there). Perhaps this should be a subsection of the [[Sex]] page.
* '''Transwomen in women's prisons''': Discuss the position of trans activists, and campaigns they ran to put certain transwomen into women's prisons (e.g. Synthia China Blast). Point out transwomen and trans-pretenders who were put in women's prisons and caused problems (e.g. Karen White).
* '''Transwomen and male violence''': Discuss both how transwomen are targets of male violence, and how they can be perpetrators of it. Useful source: fact-check on trans prison population and sexual offences: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42221629

=== Bugs ===

* Fix forum passwords (if changed after first login, "Edit account settings" page breaks)
* Some users cannot save drafts in RoundCube

=== Stability ===

* Independent backups. (I.e. don't rely on Strato.)

=== Privacy / Security ===

* Tighter brute force protection against email clients

=== Documentation ===

* Document how we disable IPv6
* Document Fail2Ban usage
* Update help page on password issues
* Improve help pages

=== Features ===

* Single sign-on
* Mail forwarding
* Email spam filter
* phpBB Jabber integration

=== Additional Services ===

* Mastodon
* Newsletter

=== Other ===

* Use Twitter follower tools to optimize social media engagement.
* Look into how to better utilize Facebook.

__NOTOC__