Gender - Historique des versions

Technician : Use interwiki links for Wikipedia, fix a typo.

2020-03-27T07:20:03Z

Use interwiki links for Wikipedia, fix a typo.

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:20, 27 March 2020
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	=== Recent changes ===		=== Recent changes ===

	In the 1950s, psychologist [~~https~~:~~//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money~~ John Money] began introducing alternative definitions of ''gender'' in his texts, in particular terms such as ''gender role'' and ''gender identity''. This might be the origin of the understanding of ''gender as a social construct'', although Money's theories are not necessarily compatible with contemporary interpretations of this concept.		In the 1950s, psychologist [[Wikipedia:John Money\|John Money]] began introducing alternative definitions of ''gender'' in his texts, in particular terms such as ''gender role'' and ''gender identity''. This might be the origin of the understanding of ''gender as a social construct'', although Money's theories are not necessarily compatible with contemporary interpretations of this concept.

	What is meant with ''gender as a social construct'' is the realization that words such as "woman" and "man" (also "girl" and "boy") do not merely induce thoughts of just any human that happens to be anatomically female or male. Rather, upon hearing these words (or their translation to one's native language), one is likely to imagine a person who not only belongs to a certain anatomic sex category, but also fulfills certain expectations with regard to clothing, speech, behavior, and so on. For instance, upon hearing "woman", one is more likely to think of a person with long hair and perhaps a dress, even though both of these "gender markers" have no relation to female anatomy. (Male humans can also grow long hair, and wear dresses.) These gender markers/expectations differ from culture to culture and across history, and include many aspects with no relation to sexual anatomy. As such, they are understood to constitute a ''social construct'' of gender, that is separate from the anatomical facts of being female or male.		What is meant with ''gender as a social construct'' is the realization that words such as "woman" and "man" (also "girl" and "boy") do not merely induce thoughts of just any human that happens to be anatomically female or male. Rather, upon hearing these words (or their translation to one's native language), one is likely to imagine a person who not only belongs to a certain anatomic sex category, but also fulfills certain expectations with regard to clothing, speech, behavior, and so on. For instance, upon hearing "woman", one is more likely to think of a person with long hair and perhaps a dress, even though both of these "gender markers" have no relation to female anatomy. (Male humans can also grow long hair, and wear dresses.) These gender markers/expectations differ from culture to culture and across history, and include many aspects with no relation to sexual anatomy. As such, they are understood to constitute a ''social construct'' of gender, that is separate from the anatomical facts of being female or male.
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	</em></blockquote>		</em></blockquote>

	A naive reading of both de Beauvoir and Dworkin can lead to a confusion where one is led to believe that their writings are in line with contemporary "gender identity" theory. Dworkin for instance writes that ''"it is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite"''. It's possible to give multiple interpretations to the clause "... which are discrete and opposite." Was she denying binary reproductive sex? Or was she merely countering the notion women and men are completely different, discrete, opposite creatures, way beyond their reproductive features? Both authors make extensive mention of female anatomy in relation to experiences of female oppression. For instance, in the very same chapter from which the aforementioned quote is taken, Dworkin speaks of [~~https~~:~~//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device~~ IUDs] for female birth control, and of the clitoris as the source of female sexual pleasure. As such, the compatibility of her theory with contemporary gender identity theory is rather questionable. In none of Dworkin's or de Beauvoir's works is there a mention of a male-born person being or becoming a woman.		A naive reading of both de Beauvoir and Dworkin can lead to a confusion where one is led to believe that their writings are in line with contemporary "gender identity" theory. Dworkin for instance writes that ''"it is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite"''. It's possible to give multiple interpretations to the clause "... which are discrete and opposite." Was she denying binary reproductive sex? Or was she merely countering the notion women and men are completely different, discrete, opposite creatures, way beyond their reproductive features? Both authors make extensive mention of female anatomy in relation to experiences of female oppression. For instance, in the very same chapter from which the aforementioned quote is taken, Dworkin speaks of [[Wikipedia:Intrauterine device\|IUDs]] for female birth control, and of the clitoris as the source of female sexual pleasure. As such, the compatibility of her theory with contemporary gender identity theory is rather questionable. In none of Dworkin's or de Beauvoir's works is there a mention of a male-born person being or becoming a woman.

	{{clear}}		{{clear}}
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	Most transgender activists use ''gender'' to refer to a supposedly essential, inherent identity of human beings, which determines whether they are a "woman" or a "man" (or something else) without any relation to their reproductive capabilities.		Most transgender activists use ''gender'' to refer to a supposedly essential, inherent identity of human beings, which determines whether they are a "woman" or a "man" (or something else) without any relation to their reproductive capabilities.

	Theories around this notion are often associated with [~~https~~:~~//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory~~ queer theory] which in turn is based on [~~https~~:~~//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Post-structuralism post-structuralist philosophy]. Writings based on these ideologies tend to be rather difficult to understand (sometimes arguably in an attempt of the authors to sound more sophisticated than they are), and often have no completely clear conclusions. This might be why even among transgender activists, there seems to be no consensus on some questions one might think are of central importance, such as: is gender identity inborn and immutable, or is it a personal choice? If it's immutable, why do some people change their minds several times, and how can it be tested for objectively? If there are any objective measures of gender identity, what are they, if not an identification with sexist stereotypes of femininity or masculinity? For instance, is [~~https~~:~~//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria~~ gender dysphoria] a necessary condition for being considered "truly" transgender? If it's rather based on purely subjective notions, how can it have an effect on objective, material systems of oppression that affect people starting from birth? If deciding that one has a "female gender identity" means that one has really always been a girl/woman, does that mean one never ~~benefitted~~ from male privilege, even after living 40+ years as a man? If a "female gender identity" already makes a person female, does that mean bodily changes are truly unnecessary? Does this mean that a tall, broad-shouldered person with a full beard, a deep voice, coarse body hair, and intact male genitals can nevertheless be considered a female person? Does this person then have a right to access female-only facilities and services without restriction?		Theories around this notion are often associated with [[Wikipedia:Queer theory\|queer theory]] which in turn is based on [[Wikipedia:Post-structuralism\|post-structuralist]] philosophy. Writings based on these ideologies tend to be rather difficult to understand (sometimes arguably in an attempt of the authors to sound more sophisticated than they are), and often have no completely clear conclusions. This might be why even among transgender activists, there seems to be no consensus on some questions one might think are of central importance, such as: is gender identity inborn and immutable, or is it a personal choice? If it's immutable, why do some people change their minds several times, and how can it be tested for objectively? If there are any objective measures of gender identity, what are they, if not an identification with sexist stereotypes of femininity or masculinity? For instance, is [[Wikipedia:Gender dysphoria\|gender dysphoria]] a necessary condition for being considered "truly" transgender? If it's rather based on purely subjective notions, how can it have an effect on objective, material systems of oppression that affect people starting from birth? If deciding that one has a "female gender identity" means that one has really always been a girl/woman, does that mean one never benefited from male privilege, even after living 40+ years as a man? If a "female gender identity" already makes a person female, does that mean bodily changes are truly unnecessary? Does this mean that a tall, broad-shouldered person with a full beard, a deep voice, coarse body hair, and intact male genitals can nevertheless be considered a female person? Does this person then have a right to access female-only facilities and services without restriction?

	The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.		The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.

Bcf : Add link to page in Portuguese

2020-03-05T19:36:40Z

Add link to page in Portuguese

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:36, 5 March 2020
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	* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/05/11/bill-c-16-misunderstands-gender-harms-women-patriarchy/ Bill C-16 misunderstands what gender is and how it harms women under patriarchy] by Meghan Murphy		* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/05/11/bill-c-16-misunderstands-gender-harms-women-patriarchy/ Bill C-16 misunderstands what gender is and how it harms women under patriarchy] by Meghan Murphy
	* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/16/defending-the-terf-gender-as-political/ Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political] by C. K. Egbert		* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/16/defending-the-terf-gender-as-political/ Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political] by C. K. Egbert

			<!-- Language links: -->

			[[pt:Gênero]]

Technician le 5 février 2020 à 01:38

2020-02-05T01:38:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:38, 5 February 2020
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	{{PageSeo \| description = Feminists see gender as a socially constructed system used to oppress women. }}		{{PageSeo \| description = Feminists see gender as a socially constructed system used to oppress women.
			}}
	The word ''gender'', originating from the Latin ''genus'' (sort, kind) has gained several meanings over the centuries and especially during the past decades. Significant debate exists between ideological groups that wish to highlight the importance of one particular definition of the word.		The word ''gender'', originating from the Latin ''genus'' (sort, kind) has gained several meanings over the centuries and especially during the past decades. Significant debate exists between ideological groups that wish to highlight the importance of one particular definition of the word.

Technician : /* Gender as a tool of oppression */

2019-06-01T15:53:01Z

Gender as a tool of oppression

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:53, 1 June 2019
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	</em></blockquote>		</em></blockquote>

	A naive reading of both de Beauvoir and Dworkin can lead to a confusion where one is led to believe that their writings are in line with contemporary "gender identity" theory. Dworkin for instance writes that ''"it is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite"''. (It's possible to give multiple interpretations to the clause "... which are discrete and opposite." Was she denying binary reproductive sex?) ~~However~~, ~~both~~ authors make extensive mention of female anatomy in relation to experiences of female oppression. For instance, in the very same chapter from which the aforementioned quote is taken, Dworkin speaks of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device IUDs] for female birth control, and of the clitoris as the source of female sexual pleasure. As such, the compatibility of her theory with contemporary gender identity theory is rather questionable.		A naive reading of both de Beauvoir and Dworkin can lead to a confusion where one is led to believe that their writings are in line with contemporary "gender identity" theory. Dworkin for instance writes that ''"it is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite"''. It's possible to give multiple interpretations to the clause "... which are discrete and opposite." Was she denying binary reproductive sex? Or was she merely countering the notion women and men are completely different, discrete, opposite creatures, way beyond their reproductive features? Both authors make extensive mention of female anatomy in relation to experiences of female oppression. For instance, in the very same chapter from which the aforementioned quote is taken, Dworkin speaks of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device IUDs] for female birth control, and of the clitoris as the source of female sexual pleasure. As such, the compatibility of her theory with contemporary gender identity theory is rather questionable. In none of Dworkin's or de Beauvoir's works is there a mention of a male-born person being or becoming a woman.

	{{clear}}		{{clear}}

Technician : /* Gender as a tool of oppression */

2019-06-01T15:46:49Z

Gender as a tool of oppression

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 1 June 2019
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	<blockquote><em>		<blockquote><em>
	“... I have made this distinction between truth and reality in order to enable me to say something very simple: ''that while the system of gender polarity is real, it is not true.'' It is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite, which are polar, which unite naturally and self-evidently into a harmonious whole. It is not true that the male embodies both positive and neutral human qualities and potentialities in contrast to the female who is female, according to Aristotle and all of male culture, “by virtue of a certain ''lack'' of qualities.” And once we do not accept the notion that men are positive and women are negative, we are essentially rejecting the notion that there are men and women at all. In other words, the system based on this polar model of existence is absolutely real; but the model itself is not true. We are living imprisoned inside a pernicious delusion, a delusion on which all reality as we know it is predicated.		“... I have made this distinction between truth and reality in order to enable me to say something very simple: '''that while the system of gender polarity is real, it is not true.''' It is not true that there are two sexes which are discrete and opposite, which are polar, which unite naturally and self-evidently into a harmonious whole. It is not true that the male embodies both positive and neutral human qualities and potentialities in contrast to the female who is female, according to Aristotle and all of male culture, “by virtue of a certain '''lack''' of qualities.” And once we do not accept the notion that men are positive and women are negative, we are essentially rejecting the notion that there are men and women at all. In other words, the system based on this polar model of existence is absolutely real; but the model itself is not true. We are living imprisoned inside a pernicious delusion, a delusion on which all reality as we know it is predicated.

	In my view, those of us who are women inside this system of reality will never be free until the delusion of sexual polarity is destroyed and until the system of reality based on it is eradicated entirely from human society and from human memory. This is the notion of cultural transformation at the heart of feminism. This is the revolutionary possibility inherent in the feminist struggle. ...”		In my view, those of us who are women inside this system of reality will never be free until the delusion of sexual polarity is destroyed and until the system of reality based on it is eradicated entirely from human society and from human memory. This is the notion of cultural transformation at the heart of feminism. This is the revolutionary possibility inherent in the feminist struggle. ...”

Technician le 30 mai 2019 à 21:06

2019-05-30T21:06:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:06, 30 May 2019
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	The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.		The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.

			== Recommended reading ==

			* [https://sexandgenderintro.com/ Sex and Gender - A Beginner's Guide] by Rebecca Reilly-Cooper
			* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2017/05/11/bill-c-16-misunderstands-gender-harms-women-patriarchy/ Bill C-16 misunderstands what gender is and how it harms women under patriarchy] by Meghan Murphy
			* [https://www.feministcurrent.com/2014/07/16/defending-the-terf-gender-as-political/ Defending the ‘TERF’: Gender as political] by C. K. Egbert

Technician le 26 mai 2019 à 11:48

2019-05-26T11:48:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 26 May 2019
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			{{PageSeo \| description = Feminists see gender as a socially constructed system used to oppress women. }}

	The word ''gender'', originating from the Latin ''genus'' (sort, kind) has gained several meanings over the centuries and especially during the past decades. Significant debate exists between ideological groups that wish to highlight the importance of one particular definition of the word.		The word ''gender'', originating from the Latin ''genus'' (sort, kind) has gained several meanings over the centuries and especially during the past decades. Significant debate exists between ideological groups that wish to highlight the importance of one particular definition of the word.

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	The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.		The unwillingness or inability of transgender activists to answer such questions (or alternatively, the absurd answers they provide in attempts to be consistent with their own core ideology) has led many feminists to feel disillusioned with the transgender movement and begin to see it as being incompatible with feminism. The observation that women who begin to raise critical voices are often met with overt hostility and shunning has further worsened the situation. By now, many feminist groups and organizations have begun to see "gender identity" as a misogynist belief system, which should be openly challenged.

	~~{{#seo:~~
	~~\|title=Gender - FeministWiki~~
	~~\|keywords=feminist feminism wiki feministwiki feminismwiki gender~~
	~~\|description=Meanings of gender, the social construct of gender, and gender as a tool of sex-based oppression~~
	~~\|twitter:card=summary~~
	~~\|twitter:site=@FeministWiki~~
	~~\|twitter:image:src=https://feministwiki.org/w/resources/assets/twitter-image.png~~
	~~\|google-site-verification=RZf8hzu0sR32H9OsEXa3-aN3LzE4T2nLPg1s9SrJgJI~~
	}}

Technician : /* Recent changes */Typo.

2019-05-09T13:34:59Z

Recent changes : Typo.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:34, 9 May 2019
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	In the 1950s, psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money John Money] began introducing alternative definitions of ''gender'' in his texts, in particular terms such as ''gender role'' and ''gender identity''. This might be the origin of the understanding of ''gender as a social construct'', although Money's theories are not necessarily compatible with contemporary interpretations of this concept.		In the 1950s, psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Money John Money] began introducing alternative definitions of ''gender'' in his texts, in particular terms such as ''gender role'' and ''gender identity''. This might be the origin of the understanding of ''gender as a social construct'', although Money's theories are not necessarily compatible with contemporary interpretations of this concept.

	What is meant with ''gender as a social construct'' is the realization that words such as "woman" and "man" (also "girl" and "boy") do not merely induce thoughts of just any human that happens to be anatomically female or male. Rather, on hearing these words (or their translation to one's native language), one is likely to imagine a person who not only belongs to a certain anatomic sex category, but also fulfills certain expectations with regard to clothing, speech, behavior, and so on. For instance, upon hearing "woman", one is more likely to think of a person with long hair and perhaps a dress, even though both of these "gender markers" have no relation to female anatomy. (Male humans can also grow long hair, and wear dresses.) These gender markers/expectations differ from culture to culture and across history, and include many aspects with no relation to sexual anatomy. As such, they are understood to constitute a ''social construct'' of gender, that is separate from the anatomical facts of being female or male.		What is meant with ''gender as a social construct'' is the realization that words such as "woman" and "man" (also "girl" and "boy") do not merely induce thoughts of just any human that happens to be anatomically female or male. Rather, upon hearing these words (or their translation to one's native language), one is likely to imagine a person who not only belongs to a certain anatomic sex category, but also fulfills certain expectations with regard to clothing, speech, behavior, and so on. For instance, upon hearing "woman", one is more likely to think of a person with long hair and perhaps a dress, even though both of these "gender markers" have no relation to female anatomy. (Male humans can also grow long hair, and wear dresses.) These gender markers/expectations differ from culture to culture and across history, and include many aspects with no relation to sexual anatomy. As such, they are understood to constitute a ''social construct'' of gender, that is separate from the anatomical facts of being female or male.

	Onwards from the point of recognizing gender as a social construct, at least two competing theories regarding the deeper nature of gender have evolved: gender as a tool of sex-based oppression, and gender as an innate identity.		Onwards from the point of recognizing gender as a social construct, at least two competing theories regarding the deeper nature of gender have evolved: gender as a tool of sex-based oppression, and gender as an innate identity.

Technician : /* Synonym to sex */Wording.

2019-05-09T13:32:59Z

Synonym to sex : Wording.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:32, 9 May 2019
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	=== Synonym to sex ===		=== Synonym to sex ===

	Another old and mostly non-political definition of gender is as a synonym to [[sex]], i.e. the categorization of an organism with respect to its role in binary reproduction. This use of the word is popular presumably because of the vulgar connotations the word "sex" might be perceived to have. The use of "gender" as a synonym for "sex" ~~likewise seem~~ to date back all the way to the 15th century, and can be found even in academic texts which clearly deal with a strictly biology-based reproductive categorization of organisms.		Another old and mostly non-political definition of gender is as a synonym to [[sex]], i.e. the categorization of an organism with respect to its role in binary reproduction. This use of the word is popular presumably because of the vulgar connotations the word "sex" might be perceived to have. The use of "gender" as a synonym for "sex" seems to date back all the way to the 15th century, and can be found even in academic texts which clearly deal with a strictly biology-based reproductive categorization of organisms.

	Similar to the use of gender to mean sex, the words "feminine" and "masculine" are also sometimes used as close approximations of "female" and "male". In biology, it is not uncommon to hear terms such as "feminization" or "masculinization" when referring to anatomic developments associated with the female and male sexes. ~~Similarly~~, the euphemism ''feminine hygiene products'' is often used to refer to menstrual hygiene products, ~~relating~~ clearly to the female sex.		Similar to the use of gender to mean sex, the words "feminine" and "masculine" are also sometimes used as close approximations of "female" and "male". In biology, it is not uncommon to hear terms such as "feminization" or "masculinization" when referring to anatomic developments associated with the female and male sexes. As another example, the euphemism ''feminine hygiene products'' is often used to refer to menstrual hygiene products, even though they clearly relate to the female sex.

	=== Recent changes ===		=== Recent changes ===

Technician le 4 mai 2019 à 19:56

2019-05-04T19:56:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 4 May 2019
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	\|twitter:card=summary		\|twitter:card=summary
	\|twitter:site=@FeministWiki		\|twitter:site=@FeministWiki
	\|twitter:image:src=https://feministwiki.org/w/resources/assets/fw-~~logo-2x~~.png		\|twitter:image:src=https://feministwiki.org/w/resources/assets/twitter-image.png
	\|google-site-verification=RZf8hzu0sR32H9OsEXa3-aN3LzE4T2nLPg1s9SrJgJI		\|google-site-verification=RZf8hzu0sR32H9OsEXa3-aN3LzE4T2nLPg1s9SrJgJI
	}}		}}

Gender - Historique des versions

Technician : Use interwiki links for Wikipedia, fix a typo.

Bcf : Add link to page in Portuguese

Technician le 5 février 2020 à 01:38

Technician : /* Gender as a tool of oppression */

Technician : /* Gender as a tool of oppression */

Technician le 30 mai 2019 à 21:06

Technician le 26 mai 2019 à 11:48

Technician : /* Recent changes */Typo.

Technician : /* Synonym to sex */Wording.

Technician le 4 mai 2019 à 19:56

Technician : Use interwiki links for Wikipedia, fix a typo.

Bcf : Add link to page in Portuguese

Technician : /* Gender as a tool of oppression */

Technician : /* Gender as a tool of oppression */

Technician : /* Recent changes */Typo.

Technician : /* Synonym to sex */Wording.